Post‐translational regulation of acid invertase activity by vacuolar invertase inhibitor affects resistance to cold‐induced sweetening of potato tubers

Cold‐induced sweetening (CIS) is a serious post‐harvest problem for potato tubers, which need to be stored cold to prevent sprouting and pathogenesis in order to maintain supply throughout the year. During storage at cold temperatures (below 10 °C), many cultivars accumulate free reducing sugars derived from a breakdown of starch to sucrose that is ultimately cleaved by acid invertase to produce glucose and fructose. When affected tubers are processed by frying or roasting, these reducing sugars react with free asparagine by the Maillard reaction, resulting in unacceptably dark‐coloured and bitter‐tasting product and generating the probable carcinogen acrylamide as a by‐product. We have previously identified a vacuolar invertase inhibitor (INH2) whose expression correlates both with low acid invertase activity and with resistance to CIS. Here we show that, during cold storage, overexpression of the INH2 vacuolar invertase inhibitor gene in CIS‐susceptible potato tubers reduced acid invertase activity, the accumulation of reducing sugars and the generation of acrylamide in subsequent fry tests. Conversely, suppression of vacuolar invertase inhibitor expression in a CIS‐resistant line increased susceptibility to CIS. The results show that post‐translational regulation of acid invertase by the vacuolar invertase inhibitor is an important component of resistance to CIS.     

Disentangling the relative importance of climate,size and competition on tree growth in Iberian forests: implications for forest management under global change

Most large‐scale multispecies studies of tree growth have been conducted in tropical and cool temperate forests, whereas Mediterranean water‐limited ecosystems have received much less attention. This limits our understanding of how growth of coexisting tree species varies along environmental gradients in these forests, and the implications for species interactions and community assembly under current and future climatic conditions. Here, we quantify the absolute effect and relative importance of climate, tree size and competition as determinants of tree growth patterns in Iberian forests, and explore interspecific differences in the two components of competitive ability (competitive response and effect) along climatic and size gradients. Spatially explicit neighborhood models were developed to predict tree growth for the 15 most abundant Iberian tree species using permanent‐plot data from the Spanish Second and Third National Forest Inventory (IFN). Our neighborhood analyses showed a climatic and size effect on tree growth, but also revealed that competition from neighbors has a comparatively much larger impact on growth in Iberian forests. Moreover, the sensitivity to competition (i.e. competitive response) of target trees varied markedly along climatic gradients causing significant rank reversals in species performance, particularly under xeric conditions. We also found compelling evidence for strong species‐specific competitive effects in these forests. Altogether, these results constitute critical new information which not only furthers our understanding of important theoretical questions about the assembly of Mediterranean forests, but will also be of help in developing new guidelines for adapting forests in this climatic boundary to global change. If we consider the climatic gradients of this study as a surrogate for future climatic conditions, then we should expect absolute growth rates to decrease and sensitivity to competition to increase in most forests of the Iberian Peninsula (in all but the northern Atlantic forests), making these management considerations even more important in the future.     

RECIRCULATION WITH ELECTROSTATIC FILTRATION AS A MEANS OF REDUCING BACTERIAL AIR CONTAMINATION

SUMMARY: Recirculation through a free-standing electrostatic air filter reduced considerably the bacterial population of the air of a small hospital room, particularly during periods of nursing activity. It is suggested that it may be of real value as a further means of combating hospital cross infection.     

A revision of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae), with some observations on the taxonomic characters of eutardigrades

This study considers specimens of Macrobiotus hufelandi C. A. S. Schultze, 1834 collected from Italy and Germany, including the type locality. In addition to a qualitative analysis of the animals and eggs, statistics were performed on the measurements of the sclerified parts of the animals. The data illustrate low intra-species variability in the morphology of both the animals and the eggs. Differences in egg shell morphology, previously attributed to the variability of M. hufelandi, were found to fall into distinct types, related to different animal morphotypes. The data also indicate that M. hufelandi contains several new species: M. macrocalix sp.n., M. sandrae sp.n. and M. terminalis sp.n.; M. hufelandi is redescribed, and a neotype is assigned.     

Spermatozoan morphology as a character for tardigrade systematics: comparison with sclerified parts of animals and eggs in eutardigrades

The male gamete, a cell widely used for evaluating phylogeny in different animal groups, remains relatively unknown in tardigrades. In this paper the spermatozoa of thirteen species of eutardigrades among four genera and three families is evaluated in order to determine whether sperm morphology can be used as a taxonomic character. Spermatozoa of Amphibolus volubilis and A. weglarskae are very similar and this resemblance is congruent with the remarkable similarity of sclerified parts of the species. In addition, the spermatozoa of eight species of the genus Macrobiotus were examined yielding two groups showing strong intragroup similarities. The first group includes M. pseudohufelandi, M. sandrae, M. macrocalix, M. terminals and M.joannae , and the second M. richtersi, M. areolatus and M. harmsworthi. Again, these groupings were congruent with those determined by analysis of sclerified structures. In contrast, a marked similarity was found between the spermatozoa ot Diphascon (Adropion) scoticum and Platicrista angustata , whereas Diphascon (Diphascon) humicus was appreciably different from both species. Resemblances found in this study between spermatozoa and sclerified body parts suggests that the spermatozoa are suitable characters for use in systematic studies.     

Ice formation and tissue response in apple twigs

Abstract. The response of apple twig tissue to a freezing stress was examined using a combination of low temperature scanning electron microscopy and freeze substitution techniques. Bark and wood tissues responded differently. In the bark, large extracellular ice crystals were observed in the cortex. The adjacent cortical cells collapsed and a large reduction in cell volume was observed. The extent of cell collapse throughout the bark was not uniform. Cells in the periderm, phloem and cambium exhibited little change in cell volume compared to cortical cells. Large extracellular ice crystals were not observed in the xylem or pith tissues. The xylem ray parenchyma and pith cells did not collapse in response to a freezing stress, but retained their original shape. The pattern of ice formation and cell response was not observed to change with season or the level of cold acclimation. This study supported the concept that bark and xylem tissues exhibit contrasting freezing behaviour. The observations were consistent with the idea that water in bark freezes extracellularly while water in xylem ray parenchyma and pith cells may supercool to temperatures approaching –40 °C prior to freezing intracellularly.     

COMPARISON OF DISCRIMINATION ABILITY BETWEEN A PANEL OF BLIND ASSESSORS AND A PANEL OF SIGHTED ASSESSORS

The objective of this work was to compare a panel of blind assessors with one of sighted assessors in the discrimination of food products. Each panel had 20 screened and trained assessors. Five commercial food products were used: crackers, liver paste, powdered orange juice mix, Reggiano cheese and yogurt. Slight flavor and/or texture modifications were introduced for adequate discrimination difficulty. Each pair of products was tested by both panels using the triangle test and a scaled difference from control test. Numbers of correct answers for the triangle test were similar for both panels. There were minor differences between the panels in the difference from control test, due to the sighted panel having more training in the use of the scale. Overall the panels of trained blind and sighted assessors were equivalent in their performance.     

Ecological and environmental footprint of 50 years of agricultural expansion in Argentina

Agriculture expanded during the last 50 years from the Pampas to NW Argentina at the expense of natural forests and rangelands. In parallel, productivity was boosted through the increasing application of external inputs, modern technology and management practices. This study evaluated the impact of agricultural expansion between 1960 and 2005 by assessing the implications of land use, technology and management changes on (i) carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) stocks in soil and biomass, (ii) energy, C, N, P and water fluxes and (iii) water pollution, soil erosion, habitat intervention and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (impacts). Based on different data sources, these issues were assessed over～1.5 million km² (63% of Argentina), involving 399 political districts during three representative periods: 1956–1960, 1986–1990 and 2001–2005. The ecological and environmental performance of 1197 farming system types was evaluated through the AgroEcoIndex model, which quantified the stocks, fluxes and impacts mentioned above. Cultivation of natural ecosystems and farming intensification caused a noticeable increase of productivity, a strengthening of energy flux, an opening of matter cycles (C, N, P) and a negative impact on habitats and GHGs emission. However, due to the improved tillage practices and the application of less aggressive pesticides, erosion and pollution risk are today lower than those of the mid‐20th century. The consistency of some assumptions and results were checked through uncertainty analysis. Comparing our results with international figures, some impacts (e.g. soil erosion, nutrient balance, energy use) were less significant than those recorded in intensive‐farming countries like China, Japan, New Zealand, USA, or those of Western Europe, showing that farmers in Argentina developed the capacity to produce under relatively low‐input/low‐impact schemes during the last decades. [Correction added after online publication 4 October 2010: In the first sentence of the Abstract, NE was corrected to NW.]