Measuring ecological impact of water consumption by bioethanol using life cycle impact assessment

Purpose  

Though the development of biofuel has attracted numerous studies for quantifying potential water demand applying life cycle thinking, the impacts of biofuel water consumption still remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to quantify ecological impact associated with corn-based bioethanol water consumption in Minnesota in responding to different refinery expansion scenarios by applying a life cycle impact assessment method.     

Relative affinity of Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions for human and bovine prothrombin and fragment 1

Equilibrium dialysis results are presented for Ca(II) and Mg(II) ion binding to human and bovine prothrombin and fragment 1. Ca(II) ions bind cooperatively, Mg(II) does not.     

Stages of B-lymphocyte differentiation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Blasts phenotype was determined in 61 children with the acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Non-T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia was diagnosed in 51 children. Stages of blasts differentiation were determined with the aid of monoclonal antibodies set using alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique. Blasts in 50 patients belonged to B subpopulation confirmed by the presence of panB CD19 and CD22 antigens. Common antigen was seen in 76.5% of the examined patients with non-T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cases of non-T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia were divided into 8 subgroups depending on the antigens of B-cells differentiation. An identification of pre-B subgroups of the acute lymphoblastic leukemia indicates heterogenicity of the acute lymphoblastic leukemias in childhood and enables their classification into groups corresponding to the early stages of lymphoblasts maturation.     

Cell kinetic disturbances induced by treatment of human diploid fibroblasts with 5-azacytidine indicate a major role for DNA methylation in the regulation of the chromosome cycle

Summary BrdU-Hoechst flow cytometry was used to investigate the effects of DNA hypomethylation, induced by treatment with 5-azacytidine (5AC), on cell proliferation. When human fibroblast-like cells derived from skin and amniotic fluid were exposed to 5AC during three successive cell cycles, their clone-forming ability was diminished after removal of the drug. Treated cells were rendered quiescent by culture with low serum in the absence of the drug. Upon serum stimulation, they showed a diminished fraction of proliferating cells, which exhibited a prolonged transit through the S and G2 phase of the cell cycle, and a permanent arrest within the G2 compartment. This pattern of disturbed cell proliferation may in part explain the changes in replication banding pattern reported in the literature. Cytogenetic analysis of 5AC-treated cells revealed numerous endomitoses and tetraploid metaphases indicating a disturbed chromosome cycle in association with these cell kinetic perturbations.     

Developmental pattern of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase and NAD glycohydrolase in the brain of the fetal and neonatal rat

Poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase and NAD glycohydrolase were examined in nuclear fractions from rat brain at sequential times during late fetal and the first two weeks of neonatal life. In whole brain, both enzymes were demonstrable at all stages of development, but followed separate patterns. Activity of the synthetase which was greatest in fetal life, fell steadily with fetal maturation from 3.90±0.06 nmol/mg DNA at 16 days, to reach a nadir of 1.36±0.09 nmol/mg DNA on the 4th postnatal day. Subsequently it underwent a non sustained neonatal rise reaching a peak of 2.46±0.07 nmol/mg DNA on the 8th day. By contrast, NAD glycohydrolase activity increased steadily throughout late fetal and during the first two weeks of neonatal life, from 12.77±0.40 nmol/mg DNA on day 16 of gestation to 25.80±.95 nmol/mg DNA on neonatal day 12. In neonatal cerebellum the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase was greater at 8 than at 4 days, could be stimulated with graded concentrations of sonicated DNA up to 100 g, but was inhibited by higher concentrations of DNA and by all concentrations of exogenous histone. In an in vitro culture system of fetal rat brain cells, the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase increased steadily over six days. Cycloheximide 10^–3 M completely inhibited the activity of this enzyme. NAD glycohydrolase activity increased progressively in vitro, and after 6 days in cycloheximide (10^–3 M), the cultures contained significantly greater levels of enzyme activity. It is suggested that changing activities of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase and NAD glycohydrolase could both provide potential markers for brain cell differentiation in this system.     

Cooperativity in the calcium ion-induced quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of a series of normal and GLA-deficient bovine prothrombin fragment 1 molecules

Ca²⁺ titrations of the intrinsic fluorescence of a series of -carboxyglutamic acid (GLA)-deficient bovine prothrombin fragments 1 yield response Hill plot parameters useful for characterization of the metal ion-binding process. 11-, 10-, and 9-GLA fragments 1 exhibitT _m (the (Ca²⁺)_total concentration at which ln (B/F)=0 in the response Hill plot) values between 0.2 and 0.3 mM. A 22-fold increase inT _m to 5.4 mM is observed for 8-GLA fragment 1.T _m decreases to 3.8 mM for the 7- and 6-GLA proteins. The value ofh, about 2.8±0.2 for 11-, 10-, and 9-GLA fragments 1, abruptly decreases to 1.2–1.3 for 8-, 7-, and 6-GLA fragments 1. The observed degree of quenching induced by saturating levels of calcium ions is affected by both changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of the metal ion-free proteins and in the maximum possible degree of quenching in the presence of calcium. The kinetic characteristics of the calcium ion-induced quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of 6-GLA fragment 1 are identical to those observed in 10-GLA fragment 1, suggesting that the fluorescence quenching observed in the 6- and 10-GLA fragments 1, while different in magnitude, involves similar processes. Observation of an abrupt change in the relative electrophoretic mobilities of 11- to 9-GLA fragments 1 compared to 8- to 6-GLA fragments 1, in the absence or presence of Ca²⁺, suggests the existence of a major protein conformation change which occurs concomitantly with the noted changes inT _m andh response Hill plot parameters. Molecular mechanics calculations suggest a structural hypothesis unifying these observations. Central to this model is the presumption of the existence of hydrogen bond-mediated interactions between metal ion-binding sites.     

Plant regeneration by organogenesis in Glycine max

A procedure for the regeneration of fertile plants by organogenesis from tissue cultures of soybeans, Glycine max is described. Seeds were germinated on reduced inorganic salt MS medium containing 5M BA. Cotyledonary nodes were excised and cultured on the same medium. Presence of BA in the medium during seed germination and culture of nodal explants was required for multiple shoot and shoot-bud formation. Histological analyses established the de novo nature of shoot regeneration. Separate reduction of the concentration of inorganic salts or substitution of sucrose for fructose during culture had minimal effects on the regeneration response. Conversely, if the BA was reduced, the inhibition response could not be overcome by increased salt concentration or altered carbon source.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - IAA indoleacetic acid - SAS secondary axillary shoots - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium     

Oxygen radical mechanisms of brain injury following ischemia and reperfusion.

This review addresses current understanding of oxygen radical mechanisms as they relate to the brain during ischemia and reperfusion. The mechanism for radical production remains speculative in large part because of the difficulty of measuring radical species in vivo. Breakdown of lipid membranes during ischemia leads to accumulation of free fatty acids. Decreased energy stores during ischemia result in the accumulation of adenine nucleotides. During reperfusion, metabolism of free fatty acids via the cyclooxygenase pathway and metabolism of adenine nucleotides via the xanthine oxidase pathway are the most likely sources of oxygen radicals. Although leukocytes have been found to accumulate in some models of ischemia and reperfusion, their mechanistic role remains in question. Therapeutic strategies aimed at decreasing brain injury have included administration of radical scavengers at the time of reperfusion. Efficacy of traditional oxygen radical scavengers such as superoxide dismutase and catalase may be limited by their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Lipid-soluble antioxidants appear more efficacious because of their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and because of their presence in membrane structures where peroxidative reactions can be halted.