Ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease

The ultrastructure of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) was examined by electron microscopy. The fibrils of NFT seemed to consists of about eight protofilaments consisting of globular subunits; these protofilaments were helically wound in a longitudinal direction. The fibrils of NFT had hollow structures at their centers surrounded by the eight globular subunits. The subunits were tightly connected in the narrow parts of the fibril, but more loosely connected in the wider parts. From these findings, it seemed that the fibrils of NFT consist of a twisted tubule having periodical constrictions and is made up of eight helically wound protofilaments, forming globular subunits.     

Ultrastructure of perivascular amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer’s disease

Perivascular amyloid fibrils in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease have been examined by electron microscopy. The amyloid fibrils showed a hollow rod structure and consisted of globular substances. Each turn appeared to be composed of five globular subunits. These findings coincide with the ultrastructure of amyloid fibrils obtained from replicas made by a rapid freezing method.     

Oral Candida Mannan Concentrations Correlate with Symptoms/Signs of Ill Health and the Immune Status

Mycopathologia - A relationship has been proposed between increases in oral Candida concentrations and host immunity. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship...     

Periosteum-derived podoplanin-expressing stromal cells regulate nascent vascularization during epiphyseal marrow development

Bone marrow development and endochondral bone formation occur simultaneously. During endochondral ossification, periosteal vasculatures and stromal progenitors invade the primary avascular cartilaginous anlage, which induces primitive marrow development. We previously determined that bone marrow podoplanin (PDPN)-expressing stromal cells exist in the perivascular microenvironment and promote megakaryopoiesis and erythropoiesis. In this study, we aimed to examine the involvement of PDPN-expressing stromal cells in postnatal bone marrow generation. Using histological analysis, we observed that periosteum-derived PDPN-expressing stromal cells infiltrated the cartilaginous anlage of the postnatal epiphysis and populated on the primitive vasculature of secondary ossification center. Furthermore, immunophenotyping and cellular characteristic analyses indicated that the PDPN-expressing stromal cells constituted a subpopulation of the skeletal stem cell lineage. In vitro xenovascular model cocultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells and PDPN-expressing skeletal stem cell progenies showed that PDPN-expressing stromal cells maintained vascular integrity via the release of angiogenic factors and vascular basement membrane-related extracellular matrices. We show that in this process, Notch signal activation committed the PDPN-expressing stromal cells into a dominant state with basement membrane-related extracellular matrices, especially type IV collagens. Our findings suggest that the PDPN-expressing stromal cells regulate the integrity of the primitive vasculatures in the epiphyseal nascent marrow. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively examine how PDPN-expressing stromal cells contribute to marrow development and homeostasis.     

Adjustment function among antioxidant substances in acatalasemic mouse brain and its enhancement by low-dose X-ray irradiation

The catalase activities in blood and organs of the acatalasemic (C3H/AnLCsbCsb) mouse of the C3H strain are lower than those of the normal (C3H/AnLCsaCsa) mouse. We conducted a study to examine changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), the total gluathione content, and the lipid peroxide level in the brain, which is more sensitive to oxidative stress than other organs, at 3, 6, or 24 hr following X-ray irradiation at doses of 0.25, 0.5, or 5.0 Gy to the acatalasemic and the normal mice. No significant change in the lipid peroxide level in the acatalasemic mouse brain was seen under non-irradiation conditions. However, the acatalasemic mouse brain was more damaged than the normal mouse brain by excessive oxygen stress, such as a high-dose (5.0 Gy) X-ray. On the other hand, we found that, unlike 5.0 Gy X-ray, a relatively low-dose (0.5 Gy) irradiation specifically increased the activities of both catalase and GPX in the acatalasemic mouse brain making the activities closer to those in the normal mouse brain. These findings may indicate that the free radical reaction induced by the lack of catalase is more properly neutralized by low dose irradiation.     

Anthropometric measurements of the endoscopic eyebrow lift in the treatment of facial paralysis

Endoscopic eyebrow lift was performed on 51 patients presenting with eyebrow ptosis due to facial paralysis. The resulting anthropometric measurements of eyebrow position were analyzed statistically to evaluate the effectiveness of this method. When preoperative eyebrow differences between the paralyzed and nonparalyzed sides were measured, the average difference at midpoint was 4.4 mm, and at the highest point, 4.6 mm. When the same points were measured postoperatively, the average difference at midpoint was 2.4 mm, and at the highest point, 2.3 mm. The difference in eyebrow height between the paralyzed and nonparalyzed sides correlated positively with age, both preoperatively and postoperatively. However, differences between preoperative and postoperative eyebrow height (which reflects the effectiveness of endoscopic eyebrow lift) at the highest point did not correlate with age and at the midpoint displayed a slightly negative correlation with age. These results suggest that endoscopic eyebrow lift is effective among young patients whose eyebrow ptosis is minor and is relatively ineffective among elderly patients whose eyebrow ptosis is severe. The conventional method of juxta-brow excision is indicated for elderly patients, for whom the operative scar is almost inconspicuous.     

Histidine-rich glycoprotein plus zinc reverses growth inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells by heparin

Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperplasia is known to be an important component in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and restenosis. Although heparin has been well recognized as the representative molecule suppressing SMC growth in vitro, attempts to use heparin as a therapeutic anti-restenosis drug have not favorably influenced the angiographic or clinical outcome after angioplasty in some clinical trials. In this study, we have examined the effect of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), a relatively abundant serum glycoprotein (~100 micrograms/ml in human serum), on the growth inhibition of cultured vascular SMC by heparin. Vascular SMC growth was significantly inhibited by heparin, giving nearly 85% inhibition with 100 micrograms/ml heparin. HRG reversed heparin-induced SMC growth inhibition in a dose dependent manner; 75% restoration of cell growth was observed when 100 micrograms/ml of HRG was co-added with 100 micrograms/ml heparin. Interestingly, micromolar concentrations of the zinc ion (0-10 microM), compatible with concentrations released from activated platelets, were found to enhance the restorative action of HRG. Western blot experiment demonstrated no significant amounts of the HRG moiety in fetal bovine serum, eliminating the possible contribution of contaminant HRG from culture media. These findings indicate that HRG, in combination with the zinc ion, plays a role in modulating the SMC growth response in pathophysiological states and explain the lack of success of heparin as a therapeutic anti-restenosis drug in clinical trials.     

Purification and characterization of an endo-polygalacturonase. From Aspergillus awamori

An extracellular endo-polygalacturonase (PGase) produced by Aspergillus awamori IFO 4033 was isolated from the culture filtrate. The enzyme was purified to a homogeneous preparation with cation-exchange and size-exclusion chromatographies. Its properties were investigated, comparing them with that of recombinant pgx2 gene product, a PGase having protopectinase activity. This enzyme was a monomeric protein of 41 kDa, with an isoelectric point of pH 6.1. The characteristics of this PGase substantially coincide, with that of recombinant pgx2 gene product, and the PGase is assumed to be native pgx2 gene product. The production of PGase-X2 was confirmed to be regulated by ambient pHs.