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Teerasak Damrongrungruang Sujaree Phiphitaporn Nuttakul Salacheep Chonlada Sritragool Aroon Teerakapong Kittipitch Meesawat Anan Kruesubthaworn Chaiyapong Ruangsuwan Wilawan Weera-archakul 《Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports》2022
In photodynamic therapy, intermittent irradiation modes that incorporate an interval between pulses are believed to decrease the effect of hypoxia by permitting an interval of re-oxygenation. The effect of the irradiation intermittency factor (the ratio of the irradiation pulse time to the total irradiation time) on singlet oxygen formation and inflammatory cytokine production was examined using azulene as a photosensitizer. Effects of difference intermittency factor on singlet oxygen formation and inflammatory cytokine were examined. Azulene solutions (1/10 μM) were irradiated with a 638-nm 500 mW diode laser in fractionation (intermittency factor of 5 or 9) or continuous mode using 50 mW/cm2 at 4 or 8 J/cm2. Singlet oxygen measurement was performed using a dimethyl anthracene probe. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated by 10 ng/ml rhTNF-α for 6 h, before addition of 1 and 10 μM azulene solutions and irradiation. PGE2 measurement was undertaken using a human PGE2 ELISA kit. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn Bonferroni test was used for statistical analyses at p < 0.05.Irradiation of 1 μM azulene+4 J/cm2+intermittency factor of 9 increased singlet oxygen 3-fold (p < 0.0001). Irradiation of 10 μM azulene at either 4 J/cm2+intermittency of 9 or 8 J/cm2+intermittency factor of 5 reduced PGE2 expression in PBMCs to non-inflamed levels. Thus, at 50 mW/cm2, 10 μM azulene-mediated photodynamic therapy with a high intermittency factor and a low energy density generated sufficient singlet oxygen to suppress PGE2 in Inflamed PBMCs. 相似文献
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The study of plant responses to touch, particularly the responses of leaves, stems, and roots, has a long history. By contrast, floral responses are relatively unexplored. Stigma closure is common in the Bignoniaceae, but the factors influencing it are not well understood. We investigated factors influencing stigma closure and reopening and its effects on pollen receipt in seven Oroxylum indicum trees near Hat Yai, Thailand. The effects of pressure, conspecific and heterospecific pollen, and pollen load (the amount of pollen deposited) on stigma behavior were examined in 270 flowers (of the total 430 flowers evaluated in the entire study). Pressure alone resulted in faster closure than did conspecific pollination and faster reopening than did heterospecific pollination. Stigmas never reopened after conspecific pollination. Pollen load had no effect on stigma behavior. Stigmas discriminated between conspecific and foreign pollen; they reopened only after pollination with the latter. A manipulative experiment revealed that stigma closure did not affect the number of conspecific pollen grains received. We also counted pollen tubes in styles that were either hand-supplemented with outcross conspecific pollen or open-pollinated. Pollen tube numbers were highest after light pollination (~900 grains), indicating that interference among pollen grains may occur after pollination with very heavy loads (>6000 grains). Possible fitness consequences of these responses are discussed. 相似文献
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Protoplasma - Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is an economically important tropical fruit, yet the reproductive biology of this dioecious plant is complex. Male trees are not known, and female... 相似文献
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