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PHILIP S WANG MATTHIAS ANGERMEYER GUILHERME BORGES RONNY BRUFFAERTS WAI TAT CHIU GIOVANNI DE GIROLAMO JOHN FAYYAD OYE GUREJE JOSEP MARIA HARO YUEQIN HUANG RONALD C KESSLER VIVIANE KOVESS DAPHNA LEVINSON YOSHIBUMI NAKANE MARK A OAKLEY BROWN JOHAN H ORMEL JOSé POSADA-VILLA SERGIO AGUILAR-GAXIOLA JORDI ALONSO SING LEE STEVEN HEERINGA BETH-ELLEN PENNELL SOMNATH CHATTERJI T. BEDIRHAN üSTüN 《World psychiatry》2007,6(3):177-185
Data are presented on patterns of failure and delay in making initial treatment
contact after first onset of a mental disorder in 15 countries in the World
Health Organization (WHO)''s World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Representative
face-to-face household surveys were conducted among 76,012 respondents aged
18 and older in Belgium, Colombia, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Lebanon, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, People''s Republic
of China (Beijing and Shanghai), Spain, and the United States. The WHO Composite
International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess lifetime DSM-IV
anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders. Ages of onset for individual disorders
and ages of first treatment contact for each disorder were used to calculate
the extent of failure and delay in initial help seeking. The proportion of
lifetime cases making treatment contact in the year of disorder onset ranged
from 0.8 to 36.4% for anxiety disorders, from 6.0 to 52.1% for mood disorders,
and from 0.9 to 18.6% for substance use disorders. By 50 years, the proportion
of lifetime cases making treatment contact ranged from 15.2 to 95.0% for anxiety
disorders, from 7.9 to 98.6% for mood disorders, and from 19.8 to 86.1% for
substance use disorders. Median delays among cases eventually making contact
ranged from 3.0 to 30.0 years for anxiety disorders, from 1.0 to 14.0 years
for mood disorders, and from 6.0 to 18.0 years for substance use disorders.
Failure and delays in treatment seeking were generally greater in developing
countries, older cohorts, men, and cases with earlier ages of onset. These
results show that failure and delays in initial help seeking are pervasive
problems worldwide. Interventions to ensure prompt initial treatment contacts
are needed to reduce the global burdens and hazards of untreated mental disorders. 相似文献
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MICHAEL KESSLER 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2008,157(2):165-167
Elaphoglossum praetrepidans M. Kessler, characterized by long-creeping rhizomes with entire rhizome scales, ill-defined phyllopodia, linear-elliptic, firmly chartaceous blades lacking hydathodes, and ovate to lanceolate, basifixed to peltate, denticulate blade scales, is described based on a single specimen from lowland Bolivia. This combination of characters suggests affinity to Elaphoglossum section Lepidoglossa , but precludes placement in any of the established subsections within that section. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 157 , 165–167. 相似文献
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Defoliation-Induced Stress in Nodules of White Clover: II. IMMUNOLOGICAL AND ENZYMIC MEASUREMENTS OF KEY PROTEINS 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Changes in key nodule proteins following defoliation of whiteclover plants were assessed by measurements of enzyme activitiesand by use of antibodies to specific nodule proteins. Defoliation caused major declines in protein and leghaemoglobinlevels and in the activities of invertase, sucrose synthase,UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase, aspartate amino transferase,glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and malatedehydrogenase. In continuously defoliated plants the activities of these noduleenzymes continued to decline throughout the course of the 17d experiment. In plants defoliated once and then allowed toregrow new leaves, nodule enzyme activities declined for 7 to10 d before increasing again to control levels by the end ofthe experiment. In this single defoliation/recovery treatmentonly the activities of PEP carboxylase and glutamine synthetasedeclined to a greater extent than the general decline in proteincontent. Alcohol dehydrogenase, increased in specific activityfollowing a single defoliation and only declined in nodulesof continuously defoliated plants. Amino peptidase activity declined in concert with other enzymeactivities described above. Endopeptidase activity, in contrast,increased significantly after 4 d following either a singleor continuous defoliation. In the plants allowed to regrow newleaves endopeptidase activity declined to control levels again,whereas in plants continuously defoliated the activity rose5-fold. However, endopeptidase increased only after significantdeclines in protein and other enzyme activities had alreadyoccurred. Western immunoblotting confirmed that the declines in glutaminesynthetase activity and leghaemoglobin levels were due to thedisappearance of antigen. Declines in nitrogenase componentsI and II indicated that bacteroid proteins were affected bydefoliation over the same time-scale as host plant encoded proteins.As new leaves grew and nodule N2 fixation was reestablished,these specific nodule proteins were again detectable by immunoblotting. Key words: Trifolium repens, white clover, defoliation, nodules, enzymes, antibodies 相似文献
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Distinct Influence of Root and Shoot Temperature on Nitrogen Fixation by White Clover 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
White clover (Trifolium repens L.) was grown in controlled environmentsto determine the distinct effects of root and shoot temperatureon the accumulation of total and fixed (15 N dilution) nitrogenat two levels of nitrate (10 and 75 mM). Nitrogen fixation(BNF) showed a positive response to higher shoot temperature(23 vs. 13 C day temperature), irrespective of whether or notroot temperature was increased in parallel. Low root temperature(5 C) caused a marked reduction in the accumulation of totalnitrogen at both nitrate levels, and led to a lower proportionof N derived from BNF. The temperature response of BNF was attributedfor the major part to an adaptation to the demand for fixedN. It is therefore concluded that BNF is not primarily responsiblefor the reduced clover growth at low temperatures. White clover, Trifolium repens L., temperature, nitrogen fixation, nitrate, root, shoot 相似文献
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Ethidium bromide, a DNA intercalating agent, acts synergistically with gibberellin on the elongation of cucumber seedling hypocotyls at concentrations of 0.05 and 1.0 μg per plant. At higher concentrations and when given prior to the GA treatment, ethidium bromide acts antagonistically with gibberellin. 相似文献
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The Effect of Hadacidin on Bud Development and its Implications for Apical Dominance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hadacidin, which is known to inhibit the enzyme adenylo-succinate synthetase, was applied locally to lateral buds on decapitated Pisum sativum L. plants. In controls the buds grew out normally, but the treated buds were almost completely inhibited. After a delay, the buds overcame the inhibition, and their subsequent outgrowth could be further hastened by the local application of a cytokinin. The inhibition, unlike that due to IAA, was not transported to a second bud, and it could be largely reversed by kinetin or dimethylallylaminopurine. Adenine itself produces little or no reversal, however. There was some reversal by aspartic acid, which is known to reverse, at least partially, the hadacidin inhibition of the isolated enzyme. It is deduced that lateral bud development is dependent on the synthesis of a cytokinin, which may take place by a biochemical route similar, but probably not identical, to that for adenine. It follows that this synthesis takes place locally in the bud itself. 相似文献
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Cyclic Purine Mononucleotides: Induction of Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Barley Endosperm 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The de novo synthesis of α-amylase in barley endosperm and isolated aleurone layers is induced by 3′,5′-cyclic purine mononucleotides and gibberellic acid. The induction of α-amylase by cyclic purine mononucleotides is prevented by 2,4-DNP, inhibitors of RNA and protein syntheses, CCC, AMO-1618 and phosfon. The induction of α-amylase formation by 3′,5′-cyclic purine mononucleotides, but not by gibberellic acid, is also blocked by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Extracts from cyclic AMP-treated endosperm halves exhibit a characteristic gibberellin-like activity which is detectable within 12 hours from the addition of the cyclic AMP. On paper chromatograms this gibberellin-like activity is located at the Rf typical for GA3. Its formation is prevented by inhibitors of DNA synthesis, CCC and AMO-1618. Glucose inhibits the formation of α-amylase induced by gibberellic acid. Glucose has no effect on the cAMP-induced gibberellin biosynthesis. The evidence shows that the cyclic purine mononucleotides induce DNA synthesis, which results in gibberellin biosynthesis, which in turn activates the synthesis of α-amylase. 相似文献
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HAYNES JULIAN F.; SUMMERS ROBERT G.; KESSLER M. IRMA 《Integrative and comparative biology》1974,14(2):783-795
The uptake of isotopically labelled nucleotides and amino acidshas been studied in five species of hydrozoans. In three speciesthe label was introduced both through immersion in a mediumcontaining the labeled compound and by injecting the labeledcompound into the gastrovascular cavity. In the remaining twospecies the label was introduced by immersion only. The comparisonof soaked and injected specimens clearly indicates that injectionis the method of choice whenever the injection of compoundsinto the gastrovascular cavity is possible. The relative easewith which labeled compounds were absorbed can be correlatedwith the ultrastructure of the epidermal and gastrodermal cellsurfaces and their associated extracellular coats. The use ofthese autoradiographic techniques is illustrated by the useof injected tritiated thymidine and tritiated uiidine to followthe replacement cycle of the zymogenic secretory cell in Hydra,and the use of immersion to introduce tritiated thymidine intothe planula larva of Pennaria. 相似文献