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1.
Predator detection and avoidance by starlings under differing scenarios of predation risk 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Devereux Claire L.; Whittingham Mark J.; Fernandez-Juricic Esteban; Vickery Juliet A.; Krebs John R. 《Behavioral ecology》2006,17(2):303-309
Practically all animals must find food while avoiding predators.An individual's perception of predation risk may depend on manyfactors, such as distance to refuge and group size, but it isunclear whether individuals respond to different factors ina similar manner. We tested whether flocks of foraging starlingsresponded in the same way to an increased perception of predationrisk by assessing three factors: (1) neighbor distances, (2)habitat obstruction, and (3) recent exposure to a predator.We found that in all three scenarios of increased risk, starlingsreduced their interscan intervals (food-searching bouts), whichincreased the frequency of their vigilance periods. We thenexamined how one of these factors, habitat obstruction, affectedescape speed by simulating an attack with a model predator.Starlings were slower to respond in visually obstructed habitats(long grass swards) and slower when they had their head downin obstructed habitats than when they had their head down inopen habitats. In addition, reaction times were quicker whenstarlings could employ their peripheral fields of vision. Ourresults demonstrate that different sources of increased riskcan generate similar behavioral responses within a species.The degree of visibility in the physical and social environmentaffects both the actual and perceived risk of predation. 相似文献
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Juliet R. Roberts 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1992,162(1):54-58
Summary Renal clearance experiments were conducted on feral chickens descended from birds collected from a coral island off the coast of Queensland, Australia. Following a control period when 0.13 M NaCl was used as a vehicle for the renal function markers, a salt load was imposed by infusion of 1 M NaCl. The hypertonic NaCl infusion resulted in increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal blood flow (ERBF), and urine flow rate (V), whereas filtration fraction decreased. Haematocrit was reduced and plasma osmolality, sodium, chloride and potassium concentrations increased. Plasma arginine vasotocin (PAVT) levels increased from 31.4±2.3 pg·ml-1 during the control infusion to 56.0±1.7 pg·ml-1 following a salt load of 12 mmol Nacl·kg-1 The sensitivity of release of AVT was 0.69±0.11 pg·ml-1 per mosmol·kg-1. The concentrations of Na and Cl in urine increased, whereas urine osmolality and potassium concentration decreased. The expansion of the extracellular fluid volume induced by the salt loading would tend to suppress the release of AVT, whereas the osmotic stimulus would provide a stimulus for the release of AVT. In this study, GFR, ERBF and ERPF increased at the same time as PAVT increased.Abbreviations AVP
arginine vasopressin
- AVT
arginine vasotocin
- ERBF
effective renal blood flow
- ERPF
effective renal plasma flow
- GFR
glomerular filtration rate
- Pavt
plasma arginine vasotocin concentration
- PAH
paraaminohippuric acid
- SEM
standard error of mean
- SNGER
single nephron glomerular filtration rate
- U/P
urine to plasma ratio
- V
urine flow rate 相似文献
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Juliet R. Honeycombe 《Mutation research》1981,84(2):399-407
In a study of 14 patients who were not treated with either chemotherapy or irradiation, 13 patients had lower siste-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies in their bone-marrow cells than in their lymphocytes. For both bone marrow and lymphocytes, there was significant inter-patient variability in SCE frequencies, but there was no correlation between the bone-marrow and lymphocyte values.
The effect of exposing bone-marrow cells to busulphan (BUS) in vitro was investigated using doses up to 5.0 μg/ml. The dose-response relationships between BUS and SCEs in vitro were found to be similar for bone marrow and lymphocytes. 相似文献
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Juliet Brodie Paul K. Hayes Gary L. Barker Linda M. Irvine Inka Bartsch 《Journal of phycology》1998,34(6):1069-1074
Sequence data of the rbc L –rbc S noncoding intergenic spacer of the plastid genome for 47 specimens of Porphyra and Bangia from the northeast Atlantic reveal that they fall into 11 distinct sequences: P. purpurea, P. dioica (includes a sample of P. "ochotensis" from Helgoland), P. amplissima (includes P. thulaea and British records of P. "miniata" ), P. linearis, P. umbilicalis, P. "miniata", B. atropurpurea s.l. from Denmark and B. atropurpurea s.l. from Wales, P. drachii, P. leucosticta (includes a British record of P. "miniata var. abyssicola" ), and P. "insolita" (includes P. "yezoensis" from Helgoland). Of these, data obtained for P. purpurea , P. dioica, P. amplissima, P. linearis, P. umbilicalis, P. drachii, and P. leucosticta were based on type specimens or material compared with types. Comparison of sequence data for Porphyra spp. and Bangia atropurpurea s.l. (including B. fuscopurpurea, the type species of Bangia ) confirms that the species are congeneric. The data also confirm that the number of layers that make up the Porphyra thallus are not taxonomically significant. Comparison of sequence data for species from the northeast Atlantic with those for material of two species from the Pacific reveals that the species fall into two distinct groupings: an Atlantic group, containing P. purpurea, P. dioica, P. amplissima, P. linearis, P. umbilicalis, P. "miniata", and B. atropurpurea, and a Pacific group, containing P. "pseudolinearis", P. drachii, P. leucosticta, P. "yezoensis" (including a sample of P. "tenera" ), and P. "insolita" (including P. "yezoensis" from Helgoland). The possibility of alien species in the northeast Atlantic is discussed. 相似文献
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Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist,an antioxidant,an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer 下载免费PDF全文
Adam Antebi Clinton M. Astle Molly Bogue Martin S. Denzel Elizabeth Fernandez Kevin Flurkey Karyn L. Hamilton Dudley W. Lamming Martin A. Javors João Pedro de Magalhães Paul Anthony Martinez Joe M. McCord Benjamin F. Miller Michael Müller James F. Nelson Juliet Ndukum G. Ed. Rainger Arlan Richardson David M. Sabatini Adam B. Salmon James W. Simpkins Wilma T. Steegenga Nancy L. Nadon David E. Harrison 《Aging cell》2016,15(5):872-884
The National Institute on Aging Interventions Testing Program (ITP) evaluates agents hypothesized to increase healthy lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Each compound is tested in parallel at three sites, and all results are published. We report the effects of lifelong treatment of mice with four agents not previously tested: Protandim, fish oil, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and metformin – the latter with and without rapamycin, and two drugs previously examined: 17‐α‐estradiol and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), at doses greater and less than used previously. 17‐α‐estradiol at a threefold higher dose robustly extended both median and maximal lifespan, but still only in males. The male‐specific extension of median lifespan by NDGA was replicated at the original dose, and using doses threefold lower and higher. The effects of NDGA were dose dependent and male specific but without an effect on maximal lifespan. Protandim, a mixture of botanical extracts that activate Nrf2, extended median lifespan in males only. Metformin alone, at a dose of 0.1% in the diet, did not significantly extend lifespan. Metformin (0.1%) combined with rapamycin (14 ppm) robustly extended lifespan, suggestive of an added benefit, based on historical comparison with earlier studies of rapamycin given alone. The α‐glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, at a concentration previously tested (1000 ppm), significantly increased median longevity in males and 90th percentile lifespan in both sexes, even when treatment was started at 16 months. Neither fish oil nor UDCA extended lifespan. These results underscore the reproducibility of ITP longevity studies and illustrate the importance of identifying optimal doses in lifespan studies. 相似文献
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Noe Fernandez‐Pozo Fabian B. Haas Rabea Meyberg Kristian K. Ullrich Manuel Hiss Pierre‐Franois Perroud Sebastian Hanke Viktor Kratz Adrian F. Powell Eleanor F. Vesty Christopher G. Daum Matthew Zane Anna Lipzen Avinash Sreedasyam Jane Grimwood Juliet C. Coates Kerrie Barry Jeremy Schmutz Lukas A. Mueller Stefan A. Rensing 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,102(1):165-177
Physcomitrella patens is a bryophyte model plant that is often used to study plant evolution and development. Its resources are of great importance for comparative genomics and evo‐devo approaches. However, expression data from Physcomitrella patens were so far generated using different gene annotation versions and three different platforms: CombiMatrix and NimbleGen expression microarrays and RNA sequencing. The currently available P. patens expression data are distributed across three tools with different visualization methods to access the data. Here, we introduce an interactive expression atlas, Physcomitrella Expression Atlas Tool (PEATmoss), that unifies publicly available expression data for P. patens and provides multiple visualization methods to query the data in a single web‐based tool. Moreover, PEATmoss includes 35 expression experiments not previously available in any other expression atlas. To facilitate gene expression queries across different gene annotation versions, and to access P. patens annotations and related resources, a lookup database and web tool linked to PEATmoss was implemented. PEATmoss can be accessed at https://peatmoss.online.uni-marburg.de 相似文献
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