全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2889篇 |
免费 | 210篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 19篇 |
2022年 | 32篇 |
2021年 | 68篇 |
2020年 | 32篇 |
2019年 | 43篇 |
2018年 | 48篇 |
2017年 | 49篇 |
2016年 | 100篇 |
2015年 | 175篇 |
2014年 | 176篇 |
2013年 | 192篇 |
2012年 | 263篇 |
2011年 | 209篇 |
2010年 | 136篇 |
2009年 | 119篇 |
2008年 | 163篇 |
2007年 | 159篇 |
2006年 | 127篇 |
2005年 | 147篇 |
2004年 | 136篇 |
2003年 | 121篇 |
2002年 | 77篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 23篇 |
1999年 | 32篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 17篇 |
1996年 | 22篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 16篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
1937年 | 6篇 |
1936年 | 8篇 |
1935年 | 6篇 |
1934年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有3099条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
W E Berdel P Schick H Sedlmeier U Fink J Rastetter O Messerschmidt 《Radiation research》1983,94(1):166-170
Synthetic lysophospholipids represent a variety of analogs of the naturally occurring 2-lysophosphatidylcholine. Some of these compounds showed significant therapeutic effects on the survival of mice following radiation injury when administered after various doses of whole-body X irradiation. Such therapeutic effects were discernible even when the treatment was given 6 hr after irradiation, and both intravenous and oral application were effective. Intravenous application of 2 X 25 mg/kg lysophospholipid after whole-body X irradiation around the LD50 resulted in significantly higher numbers of surviving animals. The mode of action remains speculative. 相似文献
4.
Food subsidies have the potential to modify ecosystems and affect the provision of goods and services. Predictable Anthropogenic Food Subsidies (PAFS) modify ecosystems by altering ecological processes and food webs. The global concern over the effects of PAFS in ecosystems has led to development of environmental policies aimed at curbing the production or ultimately banning of PAFS. However, the effects of reducing or banning PAFS are not known. We explore the consequences of PAFS removal in a marine ecosystem under two scenarios: 1) gradual reduction, or 2) an abrupt ban, using a mass balance model to test these hypotheses–The reduction or loss of PAFS will: i) modify trophic levels and food webs through effects on foraging by opportunistic species, ii) increase the resilience of opportunistic species to food shortages, and iii) modify predator–prey interactions through shifts in prey consumption. We found that PAFS lower the trophic levels of opportunistic scavengers and increase their food pathways. Scavengers are able to switch prey when PAFS are reduced gradually but they decline when PAFS are abruptly banned. PAFS reduction to a certain minimal level causes a drop in the ecosystem’s stability. We recommend gradual reduction of PAFS to a minimal level that would maintain the ecosystem’s stability and allow species exploiting PAFS to habituate to the food subsidy reduction. 相似文献
5.
Nikolas K. Haass D. Ripperger E. Wladykowski P. Dawson P. A. Gimotty C. Blome F. Fischer P. Schmage I. Moll Johanna M. Brandner 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2010,133(1):113-124
Melanoma depends on, interacts with and reacts to the stroma in which it is embedded, including fibroblasts, extracellular
matrix, endothelial cells and immune cells. However, the impact of melanoma on the epidermal tumor microenvironment—the multilayered
epithelium of the skin—is poorly understood. Gap junctions are essential for intercellular communication and involved in proliferation,
differentiation and homeostasis of keratinocytes. We have shown previously that the gap junction proteins connexin 26 and
30 (Cx26 and Cx30) are induced in the epidermal tumor microenvironment of skin cancers including melanoma. This study compares
the extent of Cx26, Cx30 and Cx43 expression in the epidermal microenvironment of melanocytic nevi and melanomas and its association
with melanoma thickness, proliferative index of the tumor and its microenvironment, and with 5-year metastasis and survival.
We found that induction of Cx26 and Cx30 cell–cell border expression in the epidermal tumor microenvironment correlates to
malignancy. Importantly, there was a significant correlation of tumor thickness with the vertical epidermal Cx26 and Cx30
expression pattern and the horizontal Cx26 dissemination. Furthermore, horizontal Cx26 expression correlated with metastasis.
Vertical epidermal expression patterns of Cx26 and Cx30 significantly correlated with the proliferative index in the epidermal
tumor microenvironment but not with the proliferative index in the tumor. In contrast, Cx43 did not correlate with malignancy,
thickness or proliferative index. In summary, here we show for the first time a significant association between the progression
of melanoma and alterations in its epithelial tumor microenvironment. 相似文献
6.
7.
Induction of an anti-hepatitis B surface antigen response in mice by noninternal image (Ab2 alpha) anti-idiotypic antibodies 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
M R Schick G R Dreesman R C Kennedy 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1987,138(10):3419-3425
Anti-idiotype antibodies to a mouse monoclonal antibody A-12 directed against HBsAg were produced in rabbits. The anti-Id consisted of an Ab-2 alpha preparation that did not display any detectable internal image activity. Immunization of BALB/c mice with the anti-Id (Ab-2 alpha) coupled to KLH induced an anti-HBs response without subsequent HBsAg exposure. No anti-HBs was detected in control groups of mice immunized with other rabbit anti-Id-KLH preparations. The anti-HBs containing sera from mice immunized with the Ab-2 alpha were able to inhibit the Id-anti-Id reaction, indicating that an Id-positive, anti-HBs response was induced. This idiotype is not normally expressed during the murine immune response to HBsAg and suggests that noninternal image anti-Id activates silent clones. This study, along with our previous results obtained with the use of internal image anti-Id, suggests that there is more than one Id network operational during the BALB/c murine immune response to HBsAg. 相似文献
8.
Bruce F. Cooper Johanna K. Krontiris-Litowitz Edgar T. Walters 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1989,159(2):225-235
1. Preliminary, general chemical characteristics of substances in artificial sea water (ASW) washed through stimulated body wall (SBW) and in hemolymph taken from noxiously stimulated animals (SHL) were consistent with those of classical neurotransmitters, amino acids, and small- to medium-sized peptides. 2. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and acetylcholine (ACh), unlike SBW and SHL, caused relaxation when perfused into isolated body wall. FMRFamide produced a biphasic response--brief contraction followed by prolonged relaxation. 3. Small cardioactive peptide (SCPB) caused body wall contractions similar to those produced by SBW and SHL, except that SCPB contractions displayed more desensitization and were completely blocked by 30 mM CoCl2. SCPB and SBW contractions were synergistic. 4. Dopamine caused persistent body wall contractions similar to those of SBW and SHL. Dopamine contractions were reduced but not blocked by 30 mM CoCl2. Unlike SBW activity, dopamine activity was reduced by alkalinization. 5. Glutamate and taurine produced strong but usually short-lasting body wall contractions. Adenosine, octopamine, arginine vasotocin, and cholecystokinin (CCK-8) caused weak or variable contractions. Met-enkephalin and somatostatin caused no obvious body wall responses. 6. When superfused over the fully sheathed abdominal ganglion, FMRFamide, met-enkephalin, glutamate, aspartate, and taurine reduced the magnitude of the gill-withdrawal reflex elicited by siphon nerve stimulation. 7. Taken together with earlier results, these data suggest a preliminary framework for trauma signal pathways. It is proposed that stress hormones (perhaps including FMRFamide, SCPs, 5HT, and dopamine) are released into hemolymph from neuroendocrine cells. Effective amounts of active intracellular solutes such as amino acids may also be released by extensive cellular rupture. Various humoral signals produce slow effects that contribute to hemostasis, balling up, increased cardiac output, and reflex suppression. 相似文献
9.
A new species of land planarian preying on termites in Kenya (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new species of land planarian is described from Kenya. Microplana rermirophaga sp. nov. preys on termites by capturing them at the openings to their nest. The pharynx is unusually far forwards for a land planarian and this is probably related to the active nature of the prey. There is an anterior depression caused by the termination of parenchymal longitudinal muscle bundles which might act as a sucker. All specimens are immature which leads to some difficulty in assigning the species to a genus. 相似文献
10.
Human mitochondrial DNA types in Finland 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Summary Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a sample of 110 Finns was analyzed with six restriction enzymes, AvaII, BamHI, HaeII, HinII, HpaI, and MspI, by using total blood cell DNA probed with mouse mtDNA. Two new enzyme morphs were observed, one for HaeII and one for HindII. Double-digestion experiments indicated that the BamHI morphs 2 and 3 result from base changes leading to AvaII morphs 3 and 9, respectively. Of the ten different mtDNA types observed, defined by restriction fragment patterns, seven have been previously described in Caucasoid populations. The three new Finnish mtDNA types can be derived from Caucasoid lineages by single restriction site changes. The results were used to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree for Caucasoid mtDNA types defined by the enzymes used. The frequencies of mtDNA types were used to compute genetic distances between Finns, Italians, and Israeli Jews. The frequencies of both enzyme morphs and mtDNA types show that the Finnish population is highly homogeneous. 相似文献