全文获取类型
收费全文 | 707篇 |
免费 | 35篇 |
专业分类
742篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 24篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 13篇 |
2016年 | 15篇 |
2015年 | 39篇 |
2014年 | 40篇 |
2013年 | 47篇 |
2012年 | 61篇 |
2011年 | 53篇 |
2010年 | 41篇 |
2009年 | 27篇 |
2008年 | 37篇 |
2007年 | 38篇 |
2006年 | 32篇 |
2005年 | 30篇 |
2004年 | 26篇 |
2003年 | 22篇 |
2002年 | 26篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 4篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1969年 | 9篇 |
1967年 | 7篇 |
1966年 | 8篇 |
1964年 | 2篇 |
1962年 | 2篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有742条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Pascal Griesmar Clément Sanchez Germain Puccetti Isabelle Ledoux Joseph Zyss 《Molecular Engineering》1991,1(3):205-220
Orientation of optically nonlinear organic molecules inside sol-gel matrices upon application of an external D.C. electrical field is demonstrated for the first time. The quadratic nonlinear response of silicon oxide or transition metal oxide based gels containing organic molecules has been determined from Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic (EFISH) measurements. Large concentrations of Optically Nonlinear Organic Molecules (ONOM) have been either incorporated inside the macromolecular network or chemically bonded to the oxide backbone of the gels. These results demonstrate the feasibility of permanently poled doped sol-gel matrices. Moreover, EFISH measurements performed on organic molecules appear to be a useful tool for monitoring the changes occurring during sol-gel transformations. 相似文献
2.
3.
Valérie Toulon Hervé Sentenac Jean-Baptiste Thibaud André Soler David Clarkson Claude Grignon 《Planta》1989,179(2):235-241
The effect of HCO
3
-
on ion absorption by young corn roots was studied in conditions allowing the independent control of both the pH of uptake solution and the CO2 partial pressure in air bubbled through the solution. The surface pH shift in the vicinity of the outer surface of the plasmalemma induced by active H+ excretion was estimated using the initial uptake rate of acetic acid as a pH probe (Sentenac and Grignon (1987) Plant Physiol. 84, 1367). Acetic acid and orthophosphate uptake rates and NO
3
-
accumulation were slowed down, while 86Rb+ uptake and K+ accumulation rates were increased by HCO
3
-
. These effects were similar to those induced by 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethane sulfonic acid/2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Hepes-Tris). They were more pronounced when the H+ excretion was strong, were rapidly reversible and were not additive to those of Hepes-Tris. The hypothesis is advanced that the buffering system CO2/H2CO3/HCO
3
-
accelerated the diffusion of equivalent H+ inside the cell wall towards the medium. This attenuated the surface pH shift in the vicinity the plasma membrane and affected the coupling between the proton pump and cotransport systems.Abbreviations FW
fresh weight
- Hepes
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- Jaa
acetic acid influx
- JK
+
K+ influx
- JPi
orthophosphate influx
- Mes
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
- pCO2
CO2 partial pressure
- Tris
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
Laetitia Mathon Virginie Marques Stéphanie Manel Camille Albouy Marco Andrello Emilie Boulanger Julie Deter Régis Hocdé Fabien Leprieur Tom B. Letessier Nicolas Loiseau Eva Maire Alice Valentini Laurent Vigliola Florian Baletaud Sandra Bessudo Tony Dejean Nadia Faure Pierre-Edouard Guerin Meret Jucker Jean-Baptiste Juhel Kadarusman Andrea Polanco F. Laurent Pouyaud Dario Schwörer Kirsten F. Thompson Marc Troussellier Hagi Yulia Sugeha Laure Velez Xiaowei Zhang Wenjun Zhong Loïc Pellissier David Mouillot 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2023,32(8):1336-1352
Aim
Coastal fishes have a fundamental role in marine ecosystem functioning and contributions to people, but face increasing threats due to climate change, habitat degradation and overexploitation. The extent to which human pressures are impacting coastal fish biodiversity in comparison with geographic and environmental factors at large spatial scale is still under scrutiny. Here, we took advantage of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to investigate the relationship between fish biodiversity, including taxonomic and genetic components, and environmental but also socio-economic factors.Location
Tropical, temperate and polar coastal areas.Time period
Present day.Major taxa studied
Marine fishes.Methods
We analysed fish eDNA in 263 stations (samples) in 68 sites distributed across polar, temperate and tropical regions. We modelled the effect of environmental, geographic and socio-economic factors on α- and β-diversity. We then computed the partial effect of each factor on several fish biodiversity components using taxonomic molecular units (MOTU) and genetic sequences. We also investigated the relationship between fish genetic α- and β-diversity measured from our barcodes, and phylogenetic but also functional diversity.Results
We show that fish eDNA MOTU and sequence α- and β-diversity have the strongest correlation with environmental factors on coastal ecosystems worldwide. However, our models also reveal a negative correlation between biodiversity and human dependence on marine ecosystems. In areas with high dependence, diversity of all fish, cryptobenthic fish and large fish MOTUs declined steeply. Finally, we show that a sequence diversity index, accounting for genetic distance between pairs of MOTUs, within and between communities, is a reliable proxy of phylogenetic and functional diversity.Main conclusions
Together, our results demonstrate that short eDNA sequences can be used to assess climate and direct human impacts on marine biodiversity at large scale in the Anthropocene and can further be extended to investigate biodiversity in its phylogenetic and functional dimensions. 相似文献7.
We assessed the effects of cold and isolation stress on arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the hypothalamus. Vasopressin mRNA levels were determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry at the cellular level. In posterior magnocellular neurons of the PVN isolation stress for 7 or 14 days increased vasopressin mRNA levels 28 and 29%, respectively, compared to group-housed controls. No significant alterations in vasopressin gene expression were observed in the SON after 7 or 14 days of isolation stress. Scattered magnocellular AVP mRNA-expressing cells of the medial parvocellular PVN showed increases of 19 and 34% after 7 and 14 days of isolation, respectively. We also studied the effect of cold or combined cold and isolation stress on vasopressin gene expression in the PVN and SON. Cold stress for 3 h daily for 4 consecutive days increased AVP mRNA levels in the posterior magnocellular PVN by 15%. Cold-isolated animals showed an increase of 21%. No significant effect on AVP mRNA levels in the SON was observed. In contrast to the posterior magnocellular PVN, cold or cold-isolation stress increased AVP mRNA in magnocellular neurons of the medial parvocellular region of the PVN by 25 and 43%, respectively, relative to control rats. These results suggest that psychological and metabolic stress may be added to the list of stressors that activate the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. 相似文献
8.
St. Ledoux J. Gutkowska R. Garcia G. Thibault M. Cantin J. Genest 《Histochemistry and cell biology》1982,74(3):329-339
Summary As a part of a microfluorometric investigation of the nucleoproteins of nuclei whose chromatin displays varying degrees of condensation, a comparison was made of mouse small thymocyte and hepatocyte nuclei stained with the acidic dye, brilliant sulfaflavine, at pH 2.8. These estimates of total protein content were compared with measurements obtained in similarly stained nuclei after extraction either with 0.4 N H2SO4 to remove all histones or with 0.35 M NaCl to remove nucleoplasmic proteins and some loosely bound non-histone chromosomal proteins. Treatment with 5% TCA at 60°C was used to remove nucleic acids and to reverse the effects of formaldehyde fixation. In all instances, the fluorescence of 2c hepatocyte nuclei greatly exceeded that of similarly treated thymocyte nuclei. While extraction with 0.4 N H2SO4 resulted in reductions of as much as 75% of the total fluorescence of small thymocyte nuclei, the losses of fluorescence in 2c hepatocyte nuclei amounted to only 20–30%. Nevertheless, the absolute values of fluorescence lost in both types of nuclei were very similar. After extraction in 0.35 M NaCl, thymocyte nuclei displayed slightly greater fluorescence than control thymocyte nuclei, while the total fluorescence of hepatocyte nuclei declined. In hepatocyte nuclei extracted with TCA, with and without treatment with 0.35 M NaCl, two populations of diploid nuclei were apparent: one corresponding to parenchymal cell nuclei and the other comprised of non-parenchymal cell nuclei. Only single diploid populations were visible in acid-extracted material. The ratios of 4c2c, 8c4c, and 8c2c hepatocyte nuclei in control, acid-extracted, and NaCl-extracted groups were generally lower than the expected 224 values. These results indicate that total nuclear histones may be estimated microfluorometrically by computing the difference between acid-extracted and unextracted preparations treated in otherwise equivalent ways. In addition, despite very similar absolute losses of fluorescence after removal of histones in thymocyte and 2c hepatocyte nuclei, the proportion of total protein ascribable to histones is much greater in thymocyte nuclei than in 2c hepatocyte nuclei — or, conversely, the percentage of total protein attributable to non-histone proteins is much greater in 2c hepatocyte nuclei than in thymocyte nuclei. 相似文献
9.
Céline Arzel Johan Elmberg Matthieu Guillemain Michel Lepley Fabrice Bosca Pierre Legagneux Jean-Baptiste Nogues 《Journal of Ornithology》2009,150(1):61-73
Two frequent assumptions about the evolution of long-distance migration in birds are that they travel long distances annually
to reach food-rich areas for breeding, and that they time their migratory journey to be at staging sites when the latter provide
the best feeding conditions. These assumptions have rarely been properly tested, and there is no study in which a species’
major food types have been measured by standardized methods throughout a flyway and over a large part of the year. We here
present such data for Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), converted to a common energetic currency, and collected at wintering, spring staging and breeding sites. Teal did not time
migration to maximize local food abundance; most birds left wintering and spring staging sites before a sharp increase in
invertebrate food abundance occurred. On the other hand, hatching of ducklings coincided with a peak in invertebrate food
abundance on boreal breeding lakes. Mean overall food abundance (invertebrates and seeds combined) did not differ between
wintering sites in southern France and breeding sites in northern Sweden at the time of breeding. Our results are inconsistent
with the hypothesis that long-distance migration in dabbling ducks has evolved because adult birds gain an immediate pay-off
in increased food abundance by flying north in spring. However, our data confirm a selective advantage for breeding at higher
latitudes, because hatching of ducklings may coincide with a peak in invertebrate emergence and because longer days may increase
the duration of efficient foraging. 相似文献
10.
Beno?te Méry Jean-Baptiste Guy Sophie Espenel Anne-Sophie Wozny Stéphanie Simonet Alexis Vallard Gersende Alphonse Dominique Ardail Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse Nicolas Magné 《World journal of stem cells》2016,8(1):13-21
Head and neck squamous cell cancer(HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world. Effective therapeutic modalities such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and combinations of each are used in the management of the disease. In most cases, treatment fails to obtain total cancer cure. In recent years, it appears that one of the key determinants of treatment failure may be the presence of cancer stem cells(CSCs) that escape currently available therapies. CSCs form a small portion of the total tumor burden but may play a disproportionately important role in determining outcomes. CSCs have stem features such as self-renewal, high migration capacity, drug resistance, high proliferation abilities. A large body of evidence points to the fact that CSCs are particularly resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In HNSCC, CSCs have been increasingly shown to have an integral role in tumor initiation, disease progression, metastasis and treatment resistance. In the light of such observations, the present review summarizes biological characteristics of CSCs in HNSCC, outlines targeted strategies for the successful eradication of CSCs in HNSCC including targeting the self-renewal controlling pathways, blocking epithelial mesenchymal transition, niche targeting, immunotherapy approaches and highlights the need to better understand CSCs biology for new treatments modalities. 相似文献