Xbra3 elicits the production of neural tissue by a non-BMP-dependent mechanism in Xenopus sp

Ectoderm cells in animal caps from Xenopus embryos develop to form either epidermis or neural tissue depending upon their receipt of intercellular signals. To date, several secreted neural inducers have been identified which act through the local inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, preventing differentiation to epidermis and resulting in adoption of neural fate. In this work, we have exploited an interspecies animal cap assay, which enables detection of the effects of signaling molecules produced by cells of one animal cap and influencing development in a second cap cultured in close apposition in a Holtfreter combination. We show that expression of the T-box protein, Xbra3, in one cap causes the production of a factor, which causes adoption of neural fate by cells of the other animal cap. The action of this factor is not inhibited by the over-expression of BMP in cells of the responding animal cap, or by the inhibition of Wnt signaling. These findings suggest the existence of a secreted signaling molecule that is able to induce ectodermal cells to adopt neural fate by a mechanism independent of the inhibition of the BMP or Wnt signaling pathways.     

The lmx1b gene is pivotal in glomus development in Xenopus laevis

We have previously shown that lmx1b, a LIM homeodomain protein, is expressed in the pronephric glomus. We now show temporal and spatial expression patterns of lmx1b and its potential binding partners in both dissected pronephric anlagen and in individual dissected components of stage 42 pronephroi. Morpholino oligonucleotide knock-down of lmx1b establishes a role for lmx1b in the development of the pronephric components. Depletion of lmx1b results in the formation of a glomus with reduced size. Pronephric tubules were also shown to be reduced in structure and/or coiling whereas more distal tubule structure was unaffected. Over-expression of lmx1b mRNA resulted in no significant phenotype. Given that lmx1b protein is known to function as a heterodimer, we have over-expressed lmx1b mRNA alone or in combination with potential interacting molecules and analysed the effects on kidney structures. Phenotypes observed by over-expression of lim1 and ldb1 are partially rescued by co-injection with lmx1b mRNA. Animal cap experiments confirm that co-injection of lmx1b with potential binding partners can up-regulate pronephric molecular markers suggesting that lmx1b lies upstream of wt1 in the gene network controlling glomus differentiation. This places lmx1b in a genetic hierarchy involved in pronephros development and suggests that it is the balance in levels of binding partners together with restricted expression domains of lmx1b and lim1 which influences differentiation into glomus or tubule derivatives in vivo.     

Biodiversity gradient in the Baltic Sea: a comprehensive inventory of macrozoobenthos data

In the Helsinki Commission Red List project 2009–2012, taxonomic and distributional data of benthic (macro) invertebrates were compiled by the present authors in a comprehensive checklist of the Baltic Sea fauna. Based on the most recent and comprehensive data, this paper presents the diversity patterns observed among benthic invertebrates in the Baltic Sea. As expected, the total number of species per sub-region generally declined along the salinity gradient from the Danish Straits to the northern Baltic Sea. This relationship is well known from the Baltic Sea and has resulted in a general assumption of an exponentially positive relationship between species richness and salinity for marine species, and a negative relationship for freshwater species. In 1934, Remane produced a diagram to describe the hypothetical distribution of benthic invertebrate diversity along a marine–freshwater salinity gradient. Our results clearly indicated the validity of this theory for the macrozoobenthic diversity pattern within the Baltic Sea. Categorisation of sub-regions according to species composition showed both separation and grouping of some sub-regions and a strong alignment of similarity patterns of zoobenthic species composition along the salinity gradient.