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1.
Dyscalculia, dyslexia, and specific language impairment (SLI) are relatively specific developmental learning disabilities in math, reading, and oral language, respectively, that occur in the context of average intellectual capacity and adequate environmental opportunities. Past research has been dominated by studies focused on single impairments despite the widespread recognition that overlapping and comorbid deficits are common. The present study took an epidemiological approach to study the learning profiles of a large school age sample in language, reading, and math. Both general learning profiles reflecting good or poor performance across measures and specific learning profiles involving either weak language, weak reading, weak math, or weak math and reading were observed. These latter four profiles characterized 70% of children with some evidence of a learning disability. Low scores in phonological short-term memory characterized clusters with a language-based weakness whereas low or variable phonological awareness was associated with the reading (but not language-based) weaknesses. The low math only group did not show these phonological deficits. These findings may suggest different etiologies for language-based deficits in language, reading, and math, reading-related impairments in reading and math, and isolated math disabilities. 相似文献
2.
Mindaugas Tamoinas Emilija V. Plorina Marta Lange Aleksandrs Derjabo Ilona Kuzmina Dmitrijs Bizuks Janis Spigulis 《Journal of biophotonics》2020,13(3)
This clinical study is a first attempt to use autofluorescence for recurrence diagnosis of skin cancer in postoperative scars. The proposed diagnostic parameter is based on a reduction in scar autofluorescence, evaluated in the green spectral channel. The validity of the method has been tested on 110 postoperative scars from 56 patients suspected of non‐melanoma skin cancer, with eight patients (13 scars) available for the repeated examination. The recurrence diagnosis within a scar has been made after two subsequent autofluorescence check‐ups, representing the temporal difference between the scar autofluorescence amplitudes as a vector. The recognition of recurrence has been discussed to represent the significant deviations from the value of vector angle θ. This new autofluorescence‐based method can be easily integrated into the postoperative monitoring of surgical scars and can help diagnose the recurrence of skin cancer from the early stage of scar development. 相似文献
3.
Summary Temporal mechanisms that influence the synchrony of gender expression and the patterns of withinplant pollen flow were examined in Amianthium muscatoxicum. In this species self-incompatible pollinations can clog stigmas, interfere with the growth of outcrossed pollen tubes, and reduce fecundity. The majority of flowers have partial dichogamy: a two-day period of pollen dehiscence and a four-day period of pollen viability are nested in a six-day period of pistil viability. An indeterminate flowering sequence among flowers on the same plant and partial dichogamy within flowers help reduce pollen flow within the whole plant. The combined effects at both of these levels should reduce pollen wastage and lower the incidence of stigma clogging by incompatible self pollen. 相似文献
4.
Barry A. Trimmer Janis C. Weeks 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,168(1):27-43
Summary In Manduca sexta larvae, sensory neurons innervating planta hairs on the tips of the prolegs make monosynaptic excitatory connections with motoneurons innervating proleg retractor muscles. Tactile stimulation of the hairs evokes reflex retraction of the proleg. In this study we examined activity-dependent changes in the amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked in a proleg motoneuron by stimulation of individual planta hair sensory neurons. Deflection of a planta hair caused a phasic-tonic response in the sensory neuron, with a mean peak instantaneous firing frequency of >300 Hz, and a tonic firing rate of 10–20 Hz. Direct electrical stimulation was used to activate individual sensory neurons to fire at a range of frequencies including those observed during natural stimulation of the hair. At relatively low firing rates (e.g., 1 Hz), EPSP amplitude was stable indefinitely. At higher instantaneous firing frequencies (>10 Hz), EPSPs were initially facilitated, but continuous stimulation led rapidly to synaptic depression. High-frequency activation of a sensory neuron could also produce post-tetanic potentiation, in which EPSP amplitude remained elevated for several min following a stimulus train. Facilitation, depression, and post-tetanic potentiation all appeared to be presynaptic phenomena. These activity-dependent changes in sensory transmission may contribute to the behavioral plasticity of the proleg withdrawal reflex observed in intact insects.Abbreviations
ACh
acetylcholine
-
AChE
acetylcholine esterase
-
CNS
central nervous system
-
EPSP
excitatory postsynaptic potential
-
I
h
injected hyperpolarizing current
-
LTP
long-term potentiation
-
PPR
principal planta retractor motoneuron
-
PTP
post-tetanic potentiation
-
R
in
input resistance
-
V
h
hyperpolarized potential
-
V
m
membrane potential
-
VN
ventral nerve
-
VNA
anterior branch of the ventral nerve
-
V
r
resting potential. 相似文献
5.
BAY K 8644, a 1,4-Dihydropyridine Ca2+ Channel Activator: Dissociation of Binding and Functional Effects in Brain Synaptosomes 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
K+-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake into rat brain and guinea pig cerebral cortex synaptosomes was measured at 10 s and 90 s at K+ concentrations of 5-75 mM. Net increases in 45Ca2+ uptake were observed in rat and guinea pig brain synaptosomes. 45Ca2+ uptake under resting or depolarizing conditions was not increased by the 1,4-dihydropyridine BAY K 8644, which has been shown to activate Ca2+ channels in smooth and cardiac muscle. High-affinity [3H]nitrendipine binding in guinea pig synaptosomes (KD = 1.2 X 10(-10) M, Bmax = 0.56 pmol mg-1 protein) was competitively displaced with high affinity (IC50 2.3 X 10(-9) M) by BAY K 8644. Thus high-affinity Ca2+ channel antagonist and activator binding sites exist in synaptosome preparations, but their relationship to functional Ca2+ channels is not clear. 相似文献
6.
A Genetic Analysis of the Pteridine Biosynthetic Enzyme, Guanosine Triphosphate Cyclohydrolase, in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Strains with mutant eye color were surveyed for levels of GTP cyclohydrolase (GTP CH), the first enzyme acting in the biosynthesis of pteridines, the pigments causing red eye color in Drosophila. Six strains were found to have reduced GTP CH activity. In five of the six strains, the reduction of activity is apparent only in the adult head of homozygous mutants. We show that mutations in Punch (2-97, Pu) have severe effects on GTP CH activity. In most cases, the reduction of activity is apparent in all tissues and stages that express the enzyme. The activity of GTP CH is shown to be closely correlated with the number of Pu+ genes in the genome. One ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced Pu mutant has a GTP CH enzyme that is unstable when compared with the wild-type enzyme. Mutations in Pu fall into three general classes. The largest class has a recessive lethal and eye color phenotype, 50% or higher GTP CH activity in heterozygotes, and equivalent defects in all tissues. A second class is dominant in eye color phenotype and recessive lethal, with less than 50% GTP CH activity in heterozygotes. The third class is homozygous viable and has severe reduction of activity in the adult head, but no or less severe loss in other tissues. 相似文献
7.
Interference by Trypsin in the Interaction of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and Cell Cultures of Human Embryonic Intestine 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5 下载免费PDF全文
The inhibitory effect of trypsin on the cytotoxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B acting with human embryonic intestine cell cultures was examined. Trypsin treatment of the cells rendered them resistant to enterotoxin for a period of 48 hr. The resistance increased proportionally with increased time of exposure of the cells to trypsin. Neither ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid nor scraping, which were used as alternate means of cell suspension, caused any resistance to the toxin. The effect is enzymatic and appears to be similar to the inhibitory action of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the attachment of polioviruses and coxsackieviruses to HeLa cells. 相似文献
8.
D.E. Johnson S.L. Heald R.D. Dally R.A. Janis 《Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids》1993,48(6)
This study was part of a broad search for endogenous regulators of L-type calcium channels. The screening for active fractions was done by measuring inhibition [3H]1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) binding to rat cardiac and cortex membranes. An inhibitory fraction, termed lyophilized brain hexane-extractable inhibitor (LBHI), was isolated from hexane extracts of lyophilized calf brain. The active substance was purified by a series of chromatographic steps. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1H coherence spectroscopy (COSY) NMR and fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectroscopy suggested that LBHI was N-arachidonic acid-2-hydroxyethylamide. Synthesis of this substance and subsequent high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and NMR analysis confirmed this structure. Synthetic LBHI (SLBHI) inhibited [3H]DHP binding to rat cortex membranes with an IC50 value of 15 μM and a Hill coefficient of 2. Saturation analysis in the presence of SLBHI showed a change in KD (equilibrium dissociation constant), but not maximal binding capacity (Bmax). SLBHI produced an increased dissociation rate, which, along with the Hill slope of > 1, suggested a non-competitive interacton with the DHP binding site. The results suggest that arachidonic acid derivatives may be endogenous modifiers of the DHP calcium antagonist binding site. 相似文献
9.
The larval–pupal transformation of Manduca sexta is accompanied by the loss of the abdominal prolegs. The proleg muscles degenerate, the dendritic arbors of proleg motoneurons regress, and a subset of the proleg motoneurons dies. The regression and death of proleg motoneurons are triggered by the prepupal peak of ecdysteroids in the hemolymph. To investigate the possible involvement of protein synthesis in these events, we gave insects repeated injections of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), during the prepupal peak. Examination of insects 3–5 days following CHX treatment showed that CHX inhibited the death of proleg motoneurons and the production of pupal cuticle in a dose-dependent fashion. When insects were allowed to survive for 10 days after the final CHX injection, motoneuron death and pupal cuticle production sometimes occurred belatedly, apparently in response to the ecdysteroid rise that normally triggers adult development. CHX treatments that inhibited motoneuron death were less effective in inhibiting dendritic regression in the same neurons. In another set of experiments, abdomens were isolated from the ecdysteroid-secreting glands prior to the prepupal peak, and infused with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE). Single injections of CHX delivered just prior to the start of the 20-HE infusion inhibited motoneuron death and pupal cuticle production, but in the range of doses tested, did not prevent dendritic regression. Our findings suggest that protein synthesis is a required step in the steroid-mediated death of proleg motoneurons, and that dendritic regression is less susceptible to inhibition by CHX than is motoneuron death. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
10.