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Arnold N. Onyango 《Chemistry and physics of lipids》2012,165(7):777-786
Small reactive carbonyl compounds (RCCs) such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, glycidaldehyde, and 2-butene-1,4-dial are involved in carbonyl and oxidative stress-related physiological disorders. While some evidence indicates that lipid oxidation could be an important source of these compounds in vivo, this has sometimes been doubted because the mechanisms of their formation thereby are poorly understood. Here, representative literature supporting the significant formation of these compounds during lipid oxidation under physiologically relevant conditions are highlighted, and the strengths and weaknesses of previously proposed mechanisms of their formation thereby are considered. In addition, based on the current understanding of lipid oxidation chemistry, some new pathways of their formation are suggested. The suggested pathways also generate 4-hydroxy-2-butenal, a precursor of the carcinogen furan, whose endogenous formation in tissues has hitherto not been seriously considered. 相似文献
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Stoichiometric differences in DNA molecules containing the atpA gene suggest mechanisms for the generation of mitochondrial genome diversity in maize 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13
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Four genomic arrangements of the maize mitochondrial atpA gene (encoding the α subunit of the F1 ATPase), have been characterized. Most N (fertile) and S (male-sterile) cytoplasms contain two atpA arrangements of equal abundance. Prolonged exposure of blots of maize mitochondrial DNA probed with atpA-specific sequences show that cytoplasms previously reported to lack one of the atpA arrangements do contain the second arrangement but at low levels. Similarly, restriction fragments containing the atpA gene previously thought unique to male-sterile S and T cytoplasms are present in low abundance in fertile cytoplasms. These observations suggest that fertile and male-sterile cytoplasms of maize may be more closely related than previously thought, and suggest possible mechanisms to explain the observed mitochondrial genome diversity. 相似文献
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Summary Axillary bud expiants from South Pacific (Solomon Islands) taro, Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta cv. Akalomamale (Araceae) cultured on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium containing 1 mg NAA 1–1 and TE formed callus and produced multiple plantlets. Explants died if NAA was present at levels lower than 0.1 mg 1–1. BA was not required and may have been inhibitory. Plantlets developed faster and became larger following transfer to a hormone-free medium two weeks after the start of culture. Fully grown plants were established in a potting mix and are growing well in a greenhouse.Abbreviations BA
benzyladenine
- BM
basal medium
- Ca
Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum
- Ce
Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta
- Ck
cytokinin(s)
- CW
coconut water
- HSMSM
half strength Murashige Skoog macroelements
- HSMS
half strength Murashige and Skoog medium
- IM
initial medium(ia)
- MS
Murashige and Skoog medium
- NAA
naphthaleneacetic acid
- SM
second medium
- TE
taro corm extract
- UCI
University of California, Irvine 相似文献
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Expression of c-myc protooncogene in rat lens cells during development,maturation and reversal of galactose cataracts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yi Wen Songtao Shu Nalin J. Unakar Isaac Bekhor 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1992,112(1):73-79
It is well established that normal patterns of epithelial cell proliferation and metabolism, and of fiber cell differentiation and maturation are essential for the maintenance of transparency in the ocular lens. Several factors, including exposure to high levels of sugars, have been known to result in the compromise of lens transparency. For example, initiation of lens cell damage by galactose induces lens epithelial cells to proliferate. Elevated levels of c-myc mRNA have usually been correlated with rapid cell growth and increased entry of cells into the S phase. Therefore, changes in c-myc mRNA levels may provide an early indication of the stimulation of lens epithelial cells to proliferate and differentiate, which has been postulated to be an early and important event in response to lens cell injury by galactose. By Northern blot hybridization analysis we quantitated c-myc mRNA levels in the lens capsule epithelia of rats (1) exposed to galactose, and (2) undergoing a partial recovery from the galactose-induced cell damage. At the onset of lens cell damage, we find c-myc mRNA to elevate to 6-fold by 24 hr, and by 48 hr decreases to about 3-fold the normal levels. During recovery, c-myc mRNA continues to be expressed at high levels approaching a 10-fold increase by day 12, then decreasing to levels of about 8-fold the control by day 30. The 24 h transitory elevation in c-myc mRNA in lens epithelial cells is in accord with our previous observations on the 24 h increase in MP26, crystallin and aldose reductase mRNAs following a high influx of galactose. Therefore, the elevation in c-myc mRNA as well suggest that galactose appears to cause lens cells to undergo an early transitory period of gene induction following the exposure of lens cells to galactose. 相似文献
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Shlomo Ben-Efraim Luise Komlos Jaffa Notmann Jacob Hart Isaac Halbrecht 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1985,19(1):53-56
Summary In vitro treatment with 2 g/2×106 cells melphalan (l-PAM: l-phenylalanine mustard) significantly decreased the total number of T lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBL) of healthy human donors and of the OKT4 population (precursor suppressor/helper/inducer) T cells as defined by monoclonal antibodies OKT3 and OKT4, respectively. No changes in the OKT
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+
lymphocyte population (cytotoxic/mature suppressor cells) were observed following the same treatment. Preincubation of PBL with l-PAM at concentrations that do not affect the rate of DNA synthesis in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes inhibited the generation of T suppressor lymphocytes by ConA, as shown by their effect on PHA stimulation. Treatment of allogeneic PBL with l-PAM had no effect on mature suppressor T cells already induced by Con A, as shown by incubation of PBL with l-PAM after incubation with ConA. 相似文献
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Isabel J. Wajda Miriam Banay-Schwartz Isaac Manigault Abel Lajtha 《Neurochemical research》1986,11(7):949-957
In vivo effects of chronic lithium administration on dopaminergic and serotonergic receptor binding were studied in the striatum and cerebral cortex of the rat. [3H]Domperidone was used as the ligand for the dopaminergic receptor, and [3H]ketanserin for the serotonergic system. Long-term ingestion of lithium (2–3 months) resulted in high levels of lithium in the cerebral cortex and significantly higher potassium levels; the sodium content remained at normal levels. The kinetic constants (K
d andB
max) of [3H]domperidone binding sites measured in the striatum did not show any deviation from control values, but the receptor concentration (B
max) of [3H]ketanserin binding sites was significantly reduced in the cerebral cortex of lithium-treated rats. The apparent dissociation constant (K
d) was not changed. The results indicate that the serotonergic component of the [3H]spiperone binding site, which we had previously found to be affected by chronic lithium treatment and which was shown by Peroutka and Snyder (1) to be the 5-HT2 receptor, is selectively affected by lithium.Special Issue dedicated to Prof. Eduardo De Robertis. 相似文献