Morphological and microsatellite diversity associated with ecological factors in natural populations of Medicago laciniata Mill. (Fabaceae)

Genetic variability in 10 natural Tunisian populations of Medicago laciniata were analysed using 19 quantitative traits and 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci. A large degree of genetic variability within-populations and among-populations was detected for both quantitative characters and molecular markers. High genetic differentiation among populations for quantitative traits was seen, with Q _ST = 0.47, and F _ST = 0.47 for microsatellite markers. Several quantitative traits displayed no statistical difference in the levels of Q _ST and F _ST . Further, significant correlations between quantitative traits and eco-geographical factors suggest that divergence in the traits among populations may track environmental differences. There was no significant correlation between genetic variability at quantitative traits and microsatellite markers within populations. The site-of-origin of eco-geographical factors explain between 18.13% and 23.40% of genetic variance among populations at quantitative traits and microsatellite markers, respectively. The environmental factors that most influence variation in measured traits among populations are assimilated phosphorus (P₂0₅) and mean annual rainfall, followed by climate and soil texture, altitude and organic matter. Significant associations between eco-geographical factors and gene diversity, H _e , were established in five-microsatellite loci suggesting that these simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are not necessarily biologically neutral.     

Low levels of quantitative and molecular genetic differentiation among natural populations of Medicago ciliaris Kroch. (Fabaceae) of different Tunisian eco-geographical origin

In this paper, we analyze the genetic variability in four Tunisian natural populations of Medicago ciliaris using 19 quantitative traits and six polymorphic microsatellite loci. We investigated the amplification transferability of 30 microsatellites developed in the model legume M. truncatula to M. ciliaris. Results revealed that about 56.66% of analyzed markers are valuable genetic markers for M. ciliaris. The most genetic diversity at quantitative traits and microsatellite loci was found to occur within populations (>80%). Low differentiations among populations at quantitative traits Q _ST  = 0.146 and molecular markers F _ST  = 0.18 were found. The majority of measured traits exhibited no significant difference in the level of Q _ST and F _ST . Furthermore, significant correlations established between these traits and eco-geographical factors suggested that natural selection should be invoked to explain the level of phenotypic divergence among populations rather than drift. There was no significant correlation between population differentiation at quantitative traits and molecular markers. Significant spatial genetic structure consistent with models of isolation by distance was detected within all studied populations. The site-of-origin environmental factors explain about 9.07% of total phenotypic genetic variation among populations. The eco-geographical factors that influence more the variation of measured traits among populations are the soil texture and altitude. Nevertheless, there were no consistent pattern of associations between gene diversity (He) and environmental factors.     

Studies on the biosynthesis of biotin. Production of biotin and biotin-like compounds by a pseudomonad

1. Filtrates from cultures of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, grown in a basal glucose-ammonium chloride-vitamins-salts medium, possessed biotin activity as detected by microbiological assays. Exponential-phase culture filtrates contained biotin and desthiobiotin in the approximate ratio 1:3, with smaller amounts of biotin sulphoxide and three unidentified compounds with biotin activity. 2. The addition of malonate, adipate or pimelate to the basal medium stimulated the production of compounds with biotin activity; this effect was enhanced when these compounds were included in the medium as the major carbon source. Succinate, glutarate, suberate, fumarate or oxaloacetate did not stimulate the production of compounds with biotin activity. The ratio of biotin to desthiobiotin in filtrates from cultures grown in medium containing malonate as the carbon source was about 1:1. Experiments in which mixtures of malonate and pimelate were included in the medium as the carbon sources showed that these acids probably make a similar contribution in biotin biosynthesis. 3. A number of heterocyclic compounds, including several containing the ureido group (-NH-CO-NH-), were included in the basal medium but none of them stimulated the production of compounds with biotin activity to any marked degree. 4. Several amino acids, particularly cysteine (or cystine) and lysine, when added individually as supplements to the basal medium, stimulated the production of compounds with biotin activity. Filtrates from cultures grown in medium supplemented with cysteine contained approximately equal proportions of biotin and desthiobiotin. A much greater stimulation in the production of compounds with biotin activity was obtained when certain amino acids were included in the medium as the major source of nitrogen or carbon and nitrogen; ornithine, citrulline and argininosuccinate had the most marked effect. The ratio of biotin to desthiobiotin in filtrates from these cultures was usually greater than in filtrates from cultures grown in basal medium. 5-Aminovalerate also caused some stimulation when used as the nitrogen source, but urea was inactive. The effect of binary mixtures of certain amino acids was also examined. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of the stimulatory compounds during biotin biosynthesis.     

Distribution of gymnosperms in West Pakistan

Summary In West Pakistan 17 species of Gymnosperms are found wild. Out of these 13 species belong to the conifers and 4 species are of Ephedra. In the Plains only Ephedra foliata Borss. is found. In the outer ranges of Kashmir, Murree Hills, Hazara, Swat and Dir which are under the dominant influence of summer monsoon rains only Conifers consisting of Pinus roxburgii Sarg. Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks., Picea smithiana Boiss., Taxus baccata L., Abies pindrow Spach., Abies spectabis Royle are found and are indigenous to the Western Himalayas with the exception of Taxus baccata L. These species show relationship with those found in the Mediterranean and temperate Central European regions. There is not much resemblance between these and the Conifers of adjoining Eastern Himalayas. The Conifers and the Ephedra species found in Quetta, Waziristan, Kurram, Chitral, Gilgit, Indus Kohistan and Upper parts of Dir, Swat, Kaghan and Kishan Ganga which are under the dominant influence of winter rains are inhibited by elements of Pak-Turanio floristic region. The species belonging to this category are Cedrus deodara Loud., Pinus gerardiana Wall., Juniperus macropoda Boiss., Juniperus communis L., Ephedra gerardiana Wall. and Ephedra intermedia Sabr. et C.A.May. Plants of this region show clear affinities with the flora of the Mediterranean region. In the northern parts like Chitral and Gilgit central Asian elements are represented by Ephedra przewalskii Stapf and Juniperus turkestanica Kom.

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Zusammenfassung In West Pakistan gibt es 17 Arten von Gymnospermen, von denen 13 Coniferen und 4 Ephedra sind. Im Flachland gibt es nur Ephedra foliata Boiss. Am äusseren Rande von Kashmir, Murree Hills, Hazara, Swat und Dir, wo der Einfluss der Sommermonsun Regen gross ist findet man Pinus roxburgii Sarg, Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks., Picea smithiana Boiss., Taxus baccata L. Abies pindrow Spach. und Abies spectabis Royle. Dies sind einheimische Arten aus West Himalaya mit Ausnahme von Taxus baccata L. Sie haben Verwandtschaft mit den Arten aus der Mediterran und gemässigten Zone Mitteleuropas, aber überhaupt keine mit dem benachbarten östlichen Himalaya Gebiet. Die Coniferen und Ephedra-Arten aus Quetta, Waziristan, Kurram, Chitral, Gilgit, Indus Kohistan, und dem oberen Teil aus Dir, Swat, Kaghan und Kishan Ganga stehen unter dem Einfluss der Winterregen, und bilden das Pak-Turanio floristische Gebiet. Es sind die Arten Cedrus deodara Loud., Pinus gerardiana Wall., Juniperus macropoda Boiss., Juniperus communis L., Ephedra gerardiana Wall., Ephedra intermedia Sabr. et C.A.May. Die Vegetation dieses Gebietes zeigt eindeutige Verwandtschaft mit der Vegetation des Mediterran-Gebietes. In dem nördlichen Teil, wie Chitral und Gilgit sind Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. und Juniperus turkestanica Kom. zentral-asiatische Elemente.

     

Regeneration in cultures of Papaver bracteatum as influenced by growth hormones and temperature

Callus was induced on Papaver bracteatum Lindl. seedlings inoculated on Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (1.0 mg 1^-1) and benzylamine purine (BA) (0.5 mg 1^-1). Subculture resulted in excellent callus proliferation but no organogenesis. Shoots were regenerated in cultures grown on MS medium containing NAA (1.0 mg 1^–1), BA (0.5 mg 1^–1) and casein hyrdrolyzate (2.0 mg 1^-1). The shoots developed into plantlets after 8 weeks of culture, and were induced to root on 1/2 MS without the addition of growth regulators. The rooted plantlets were transferred to soil after hardening.MS at full strength was found inhibitory for callus induction and proliferation, but 1/2 MS was suitable. Similarly callus growth was very slow at 25°C but increased when the temperature was lowered to 15°C as did bud initiation.Abbreviations BA benzylamine purine - IAA indoleacetic acid - K kinetin (6-furfurylamino purine) - NAA -naphthalene acetic acid - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid     

Bayesian segregation analysis of milk flow in Swiss dairy cattle using Gibbs sampling

Segregation analyses with Gibbs sampling were applied to investigate the mode of inheritance and to estimate the genetic parameters of milk flow of Swiss dairy cattle. The data consisted of 204 397, 655 989 and 40 242 lactation records of milk flow in Brown Swiss, Simmental and Holstein cattle, respectively (4 to 22 years). Separate genetic analyses of first and multiple lactations were carried out for each breed. The results show that genetic parameters especially polygenic variance and heritability of milk flow in the first lactation were very similar under both mixed inheritance (polygenes + major gene) and polygenic models. Segregation analyses yielded very low major gene variances which favour the polygenic determinism of milk flow. Heritabilities and repeatabilities of milk flow in both Brown Swiss and Simmental were high (0.44 to 0.48 and 0.54 to 0.59, respectively). The heritability of milk flow based on scores of milking ability in Holstein was intermediate (0.25). Variance components and heritabilities in the first lactation were slightly larger than those estimates for multiple lactations. The results suggest that milk flow (the quantity of milk per minute of milking) is a relevant measurement to characterise the cows milking ability which is a good candidate trait to be evaluated for a possible inclusion in the selection objectives in dairy cattle.     

Analysis of Genetic Variation in Natural Populations of Medicago truncatula of Southern Tunisian Ecological Areas, Using Morphological Traits and SSR Markers

We used 19 quantitative traits and 14 microsatellite markers (SSRs) to analyze the genetic variation in four natural populations of the model legume Medicago truncatula sampled in southern Tunisia. The greatest genetic variation of quantitative traits and molecular markers occurred within populations (>71%). In contrast to quantitative population differentiation (Q _ST ?=?0.09), a high level of molecular differentiation (F _ST ?=?0.23) was found among populations. The majority of quantitative traits exhibited Q _ST values significantly less than F _ST values, suggesting that selection may be acting to suppress differentiation for these traits. There was no significant correlation between genetic variation of quantitative traits and molecular markers within populations. On the other hand, significant correlations were found between measured quantitative characters and the site-of-origin environmental factors. The eco-geographical factors with the greatest influence on the variation of measured traits among populations were altitude, followed by soil texture, assimilated phosphorus (P₂O₅) and organic matter. Nevertheless, there were no consistent patterns of associations between gene diversity (He) and eco-geographical factors.     

Evaluation of Solid Substrates for the Biosynthesis of Cellulase by Trichoderma viride

A series of 4-alkylthio-1,2-dithiolanes were synthesized from S,S′-(2-alkylthiotrimethylene) di(benzenethiosulfonates), and their biological activities were tested on Culex pipience molestus, Laodelphax striatellus and Tetranychus urticae. These compounds showed potent activity against both insect species, the strongest being displayed by 4-ethylthio-1,2-dithiolane and 4-isopropylthio-1,2-dithiolane.     

Genetic variability in milking speed of dairy goats

The present investigation deals with the genetic variability of milking speed, measured as the volume of milk collected during the first minute of milking (MD1), and its association with dairy traits. Data originated from 2589 lactations of 1421 Alpine goats, sired by 93 bucks, measured between 1985 and 1997 at the Moissac Goat Experimental Station (Lozère, France). Two genetic analyses were carried out. Firstly, a polygenic model was used to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters among milking speed and dairy traits using a multiple-trait animal model. Secondly, segregation analysis was used to test the hypothesis of mixed model inheritance (polygenes + major gene) for MF1. Heritability and repeatability of MF1 under the polygenic model were high (0.65 and 0.82, respectively). Estimated genetic and phenotypic correlations between milking speed and dairy traits were low, positive for yields and negative for contents. Segregation analysis yielded a highly significant likelihood ratio, confirming the segregation of a major gene with two alleles with partial dominance. The difference between the mean values of the two homozygotes was around 2.3 phenotypic standard deviation units of the trait. The major gene explained more than 60% of the estimated total genetic variance. The estimate of the 'residual' heritability, after taking into account the effect of the major locus, was 0.30.     

The Vegetation of Karachi

Summary The vegetation of Greater Karachi can be divided into three edaphic types.The coastal vegetation consists of three main associations. In the protected creeks facing the mouth of the rivers in shallow water is found mangrove vegetation consisting of mainly Avicennia alba Blume. In the muddy coastal swamps Arthroenemum indicum Moq is the main species. On the coastal sand dunes the main species consist of Suaeda monoica Forsk, Ipomaea pes-caprae Roth, Aerua pseudo-tomentosa Blatt and Hall, Calotropis procera Br. and Tamarix troupii, Hole.The vegetation of the calcarious rocks consists of mainly Commiphora mukul Engl., Grewia villosa Willd., Grewia tenax (Forsk) Boiss., Euphorbia caudicifolia Haines and Acacia senegal Willd.In the valleys between the hills where alluvium has been deposited over the basic rock by various rivers, the vegetation consists of Capparis decidua (Forsk) Edgew, Prosopis spicigera L. and Salvadora oleoides Dcne.

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Résumé La végétation de la région de Karachi peut être divisée en trois types trés différents au point de vue édaphique.La végétation littorale se compose de trois associations principales. Dans les criques protégées, en face des embouchures des fleuves, la végétation de la mangrove s'avance dans l'eau peu profonde. Elle consiste principalement d'Avicennia alba Blume. Dans les marais tourbeux du littoral, Arthrocnemum indicum Moq. occupe la première place. Sur les dunes littorales, les espèces principales sont Suaeda monoica Forsk, Ipomaea pes-caprae Roth., Aerua pseudo-tomentosa Blatt et Hall, Calotropis procera Br. et Tamarix troupii Hole.La végétation des rochers calcaires se compose principalement de Commiphora mukul Engl., Grewia villosa Willd., Grewia tenax (Forsk) Boiss., Euphorbia caudicifolia Haines et Acacia senegal Willd.Sur les alluvions des fleuves on note une végétation comprenant Capparis decidua (Forsk) Edgew, Prosopis spicigera L. et Salvadora oleoides Dcne.La végétation climax de la région est dominée par Salvadora oleoides Dcne et Prosopis spicigera L.