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Hiroshi Ihobe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(1):17-25
When the individual Japanese macaques of the Koshima troop feed on natural food, they usually feed alone. In situations where
animals usually feed without other animals, there is a possibility that subordinate animals may avoid feeding sites at which
dominant animals are feeding. This paper examines whether social relationships such as kinship or dominance exert any influence
on an animal's choice of feeding sites, by analyzing episodes in which an animal approached and climbed into a tree where
other animals were. As a result, it was found that social relationships did not influence whether an animal climbed into a
tree where other animals were feeding, and that no particular age-sex pair co-fed. Agonistic interactions frequently occurred
when the inter-individual distance was less than 1 m. From these findings, the feeding sites were divided into two spaces:
(1) a tolerance feeding space, and (2) an intolerance feeding space. It is presumed that animals can feed without entering
others' intolerance feeding spaces when food is abundant, as it was in the present study period. Thus social relationships
do not influence an animal's choice of feeding sites in such a situation. 相似文献
2.
Hiroshi Ihobe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(1):109-112
Interspecific interactions accompanied by physical contacts between wild pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) and red colobus (Colobus badius) were observed on three occasions at Wamba, Republic of Zaire. In all cases, the red colobus initiated the interactions by
approaching the pygmy chimpanzees. Most of the pygmy chimpanzees, which were within 5 m of the red colobus, were juveniles
or infants but the adult male pygmy chimpanzees never showed any interest in the red colobus. The red colobus groomed the
chimpanzees in two cases, but the latter never groomed the former. No true aggressive interactions were observed between the
two species. The lack of any evidence of hunting of red colobus through longitudinal studies of the pygmy chimpanzees of Wamba,
together with the present observations, suggests that red colobus are probably not targets of hunting by the pygmy chimpanzees. 相似文献
3.
Hiroshi Ihobe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(2):247-250
Meat-eating behavior of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) was witnessed on two occasions at Wamba, Republic of Zaire. Only flying squirrels were observed to be eaten by the bonobos.
Several bonobos gathered around the possessor of the meat and showed interest in the meat on all occasions. Begging behavior
was noted on one of the two occasions, but the possessor of the meat ignored it. No sharing of meat was seen on either occasion.
The exclusive targets of hunting by bonobos are apparently small mammals, such as flying squirrels and infant duikers, since
evidence of meat eating by wild bonobos, which have been studied for more than fifteen years, has been restricted to these
mammals. The bonobos at Wamba may have a specialized “prey image”, as in the case of the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Tai forest, and certain medium-sized or small mammals may not conform to this image. 相似文献
4.
Hiroshi Ihobe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1997,38(4):351-357
Interspecific relations between wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) and two species of guenons (Cercopithecus wolfi andC. ascanius) were studied at Wamba in the Central Zaire Basin from September 1989 to January 1990. Data on the guenons were collected
while following parties of bonobos or when searching for them. The guenons were observed directly 59 times during the study
period. In about half of these observations, the guenons were found within 20 m from the bonobo parties. The encounters between
the bonobos and the guenons sometimes lasted over an hour. The guenons mainly initiated the encounters by approaching the
bonobos. During the encounters, no aggressive interactions were observed between the bonobos and the guenons. Evidence of
hunting by wild bonobos has been restricted to small mammals, and there has been no evidence of hunting of primates by wild
bonobos. These findings and the results of the present study strongly suggest that wild bonobos do not hunt sympatric primates. 相似文献
5.
The ranging and grouping of about 75 feral cattle (Bos taurus), inhabiting a small mountainous island with thick vegetation, were studied. Each individual kept a stable home range for
at least one year. The cattle preferred flat and open areas (FO areas) as their ranging center, and each had 1 or 2 FO areas
in its home range. Those who shared the same FO areas largely overlapped home ranges; thus a clumped pattern was seen in the
home range distribution. The individuals within each clump composed a “home range overlapping group” (HROG). The cattle formed
1–8 individual-sized unstable groups mainly with their own HROG's members. FO areas corresponded to the “required components
of the home range” reported elsewhere for other ungulate species. Close social interactions were scarcely observed, and no
sexual bias in ranging and grouping was confirmed. The stability in ranging and unstability in grouping are discussed in relation
to domestication and management of the cattle herd. 相似文献
6.
The copulatory activities of bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Wamba, Zaire, were compared with those of chimpanzees (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Mahale, Tanzania. The copulation rates of adult male bonobos were equal to or lower than those of adult male chimpanzees.
The copulation rates of adult female bonobos were approximately equal to those of adult female chimpanzees who were in maximal
genital swelling, but it should be much higher than those of the adult female chimpanzees throughout the birth interval. The
copulation rates of adolescent male bonobos were lower than those of adolescent male chimpanzees, whereas the copulation rates
of adolescent female bonobos were much higher than those of adolescent female chimpanzees. It was suggested that the bonobos
of Wamba did not copulate more promiscuously than did the chimpanzees of Mahale. The female bonobos may show “receptivity”,
whereas female chimpanzees may show rather “proceptivity”. 相似文献
7.
Hiroshi Ihobe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(2):163-179
Male-male relationships among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) in two adjacent unitgroups (E1 and E2 groups), which were formed by division of the E group, were studied at Wamba, in the
Central Zaire Basin, by analyzing the proximity and social interactions among males. Dominant-subordinate relationships between
a male-male dyad were easily recognized from the directions of individual agonistic interactions. Male bonobos rarely joined
forces in aggression. Clear differences in social status existed between adult and adolescent male bonobos in both groups,
as reported in the case of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The presence of mothers in the unit-group greatly influenced the dominant-subordinate relationships among males through
strong mother-son bonds in both groups. However, the extent of the mother-son bonds differed between the groups. Males in
the E2 group participated more frequently in agonistic or affinitive interactions than did males in the E1 group. Males in
the E1 group were divided spatially into several clusters, while there were cohesive relationships among the adult males in
the E2 group. The difference in intensities of mother-son bonds between the groups may be explained by the distribution of
males at the time of the division of the E group. Differences in male-male relationships between bonobos and chimpanzees seem
to be related to differences in intra- and inter-unit-group competition among males between the two species. Male chimpanzees
may achieve coexistence by manipulating ambivalent relationships that are caused by intra- and inter-unit-group competition
among them, while male bonobos may achieve coexistence by decreasing intra- and inter-unit-group competition among them. 相似文献
8.
Furuichi Takeshi Idani Gen'ichi Ihobe Hiroshi Kuroda Suehisa Kitamura Koji Mori Akio Enomoto Tomoo Okayasu Naobi Hashimoto Chie Kano Takayoshi 《International journal of primatology》1998,19(6):1029-1043
We analyzed population dynamics and birth seasonality of wild bonobos at Wamba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, based on 20 years of observations (1976–1996). Wamba Bonobo infant mortality is much lower than that reported for chimpanzees. This seemes to be related to several socioecological characteristics of bonobos: the use of abundant fruit and herbaceous foods, larger food patch size, female feeding priority, and the absence of infanticide. The mean interval between live births of 4.8 years is shorter than those reported for chimpanzees, and some females simultaneously carried and nursed two successive offspring. Mother–offspring conflicts, such as refusal of suckling attempts and interference with mothers' copulation, which are common in chimpanzees, are rare in Wamba bonobos. A birth peak seems to occur during the light rainy season from March to May, just after the season with the least rainfall. This timing of births is similar to those reported for chimpanzee populations, and might benefit both mother and offspring by maximizing the amount of time before the next dry season. 相似文献
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