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Background  

In population-based studies, it is generally recognized that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are not independent. Rather, they are carried by haplotypes, groups of SNPs that tend to be coinherited. It is thus possible to choose a much smaller number of SNPs to use as indices for identifying haplotypes or haplotype blocks in genetic association studies. We refer to these characteristic SNPs as index SNPs. In order to reduce costs and work, a minimum number of index SNPs that can distinguish all SNP and haplotype patterns should be chosen. Unfortunately, this is an NP-complete problem, requiring brute force algorithms that are not feasible for large data sets.  相似文献   
4.

Background  

Haplotype based linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping has become a powerful and cost-effective method for performing genetic association studies, particularly in the search for genetic markers in linkage disequilibrium with complex disease loci. Various methods (e.g. Monte-Carlo (Gibbs sampling); EM (expectation maximization); and Clark's method) have been used to estimate haplotype frequencies from routine genotyping data.  相似文献   
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In order to investigate the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) on reducing dietary lead (Pb) toxicity to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 240 fish were randomly divided into four treatments denominated as follows: control treatment (fed with a basal diet), MMT treatment (fed with a basal diet added with 0.5% MMT), Pb treatment (fed with a basal diet added with 100 mg Pb per kilogram dry weight (dw)), and Pb + MMT treatment (fed with a basal diet added with 100 mg Pb per kilogram dw and 0.5% MMT). Changes in Pb accumulation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in tilapia were measured after 60 days. DNA damage was assessed using comet assay. The results showed that MMT supplemented in diet significantly reduced Pb accumulation in kidney and blood of tilapia exposed to dietary Pb (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde level decreased insignificantly while levels of total antioxidant capacity and glutathione (GSH), activities of glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase increased insignificantly in kidney of tilapia in Pb + MMT treatment as compared to Pb treatment (P > 0.05). Significant decreases in tail length, tail DNA, tail moment, and Olive tail moment of peripheral blood cells in Pb + MMT treatment were observed when compared with Pb treatment (P < 0.05). The results indicated that dietary MMT supplementation could alleviate dietary Pb toxicity to tilapia effectively.  相似文献   
6.
The wetland ecosystem is particularly vulnerable to hydrological and climate changes. The Great Xing’an Mountain is such a region in China that has a large area of wetlands with rare human disturbance. The predictions of the global circulation model CGCM3 (the third-generation coupled global climate model from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis) indicated that the temperature in The Great Xing’an Mountain will rise by 2–4°C over the next 100 years. This paper predicts the potential distributions of wetlands in this area under the current and warming climate conditions. This predication was performed by the Random Forests model, with 18 environmental variables, which will reflect the climate and topography conditions. The model has been proven to have a great prediction ability. The wetland distributions are primarily topography-driven in the Great Xing’an Mountains. Mean annual temperature, warmness index, and potential evapotranspiration ratio are the most important climatic factors in wetland distributions. The model predictions for three future climate scenarios show that the wetland area tends to decrease, and higher emission will also cause more drastic shrinkage of wetland distributions. About 30% of the wetland area will disappear by 2050. The area will decrease 62.47, 76.90, and 85.83%, respectively, under CGCM3-B1, CGCM3-A1B, and CGCM3-A2 by 2100. As for spatial allocation, wetlands may begin to disappear from the sides to the center and south to north under a warming climate. Under CGCM3-B1, the loss of wetlands may mainly occur in the south hills with flatter terrain, and some may occur in the north hills and intermontane plains. Under CGCM3-A1B, severe vanish of wetlands is predicted. Under CGCM3-A2, only a small area of wetlands may remain in the north of the high mountains.  相似文献   
7.
Dufulin activates HrBP1 to produce antiviral responses in tobacco   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Chen Z  Zeng M  Song B  Hou C  Hu D  Li X  Wang Z  Fan H  Bi L  Liu J  Yu D  Jin L  Yang S 《PloS one》2012,7(5):e37944
  相似文献   
8.
With the increasing occurrence of dietary lead (Pb) contamination in aquatic environment, threat of the dietary Pb toxicity to aquatic organisms attracted more attention. In this study, after being exposed to dietary Pb at concentrations of 0, 100, 400, and 800-μg/g dry weight for 60 days, the groups of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were sacrificed and sampled to analyze the effects of dietary Pb on accumulation, histopathology, and digestive enzyme activities in tissues of the digestive system. The results showed that the Pb accumulation in tissues increased with the dietary Pb concentrations. Moreover, Pb accumulated in sampled tissues in the following order: intestine > stomach > liver. By observation of liver histological sections in optical microscope, lesions could be detected in the Pb-contaminated groups. It was also demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of dietary Pb on digestive enzyme activities was dietary Pb concentration dependent. Different degrees of inhibition of enzyme activities were exhibited in sampled tissues. It was indicated that digestive enzyme activities in the digestive system might be considered as the potential biomarkers of dietary Pb contamination in tilapia.  相似文献   
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狗獾秋季对生境的选择——以黑龙江省方正林业局为例   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在黑龙江省方正林业局新风林场利用痕迹检验法和洞穴辨别法对狗獾秋季生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15个林班的23条样线进行调查,共测定了106个利用样方和106个对照样方的19种生态因子。结果表明,狗獾秋季利用样方和对照样方在优势乔木、坡向、灌木密度和灌木高度4种生态因子上差异极显著(P0.001),在灌木距离上差异显著(P0.05),其余的生态因子无显著差异(P0.05),相对于对照样方而言,狗獾秋季更偏爱选择位于阳坡,优势乔木为紫椴和黄菠萝,灌木密度大、高度高、距离近的生境。在典则系数的直方图上可以看出秋季狗獾的利用样方与对照样方存在一定的重叠,但是Wilk’sλ值显示秋季狗獾的利用样方与对照样方具有较高的差异性(Wilk’sλ=0.507,χ2=141.524,df=3,P0.001),较高比例的(84.0%)正确判别率也支持了这种差异性。逐步判别分析表明在区分秋季狗獾的利用样方与对照样方方面有3个生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为:郁闭度、灌木密度和植被盖度。  相似文献   
10.
[背景] 铁是细菌生长的基本元素,而三价铁在自然水环境中几乎无法溶解。细菌已经进化出产生各种铁载体的能力,以促进铁的吸收。对于链霉菌,其特有的铁载体是去铁胺,同时它们也可以产生其他结构的铁载体,如ceolichelin、白霉素、肠杆菌素(enterobactin)和griseobactin。[目的] 揭示链霉菌中铁载体生物合成基因簇(Biosynthetic Gene Clusters,BGCs)的分布特点和基因簇特征,并探索其所合成铁载体的化合物结构。[方法] 利用生物信息学工具系统地分析308个具有全基因组序列信息的链霉菌中的铁载体生物合成基因簇,并用色谱和波谱方法分离和表征肠杆菌素相关天然产物。[结果] 发现Streptomyces albofaciens JCM 4342和其他少数菌株同时含有一个缺少2,3-二羟基苯甲酸(2,3-DHB)生物合成基因的孤立的肠杆菌素生物合成基因簇和另外一个推测可合成griseobactin的基因簇。从S.albofaciens JCM 4342发酵液中鉴定出4个肠杆菌素衍生的天然产物,包括链状2,3-二羟基苯甲酸酯-l-丝氨酸(2,3-DHBS)的三聚体和二聚体以及它们的脱水产物。[结论] 2个基因簇间存在一种特别的协同生物合成机制。推测是griseobactin基因簇负责合成2,3-DHB,而孤立的肠杆菌素基因簇编码的生物合成酶可夺取该底物,进而完成上述4种肠杆菌素衍生天然产物的生物合成。  相似文献   
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