Selenium-containing proteins of rat kidney and liver microsomes

Selenium (Se)-containing proteins in microsomal fractions of rat kidney and liver were investigated after isotopic labeling of rats with [75Se]selenite. More than 85% of the 75Se in the solubilized microsomal extracts precipitated with protein after trichloroacetic acid treatment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), used to separate the labeled protein subunits in the solubilized microsomal extracts, revealed several 75Se-containing proteins in addition to glutathione peroxidase. 75Se-labeled subunits with molecular weights of 55, 30, 26, 22, 19, and 17 kDa were present in microsomal fractions of kidney and liver. The 75Se-labeled tryptic peptide of the 55 kDa subunit had the same Rf value on a 17% SDS-PAGE gel as the peptide from plasma selenoprotein P. A time-course study of the labeling of individual protein subunits in kidney and liver microsomes from Se-supplemented and Se-deficient rats showed that most of the 75Se was associated with the 55 kDa subunit 3 hr after injection. The amount of 75Se associated with this protein subunit decreased by 12 hr, with a concurrent increase in the labeling of lower molecular-weight subunits. The results support the hypothesis that there is a mechanism for transfer of Se from the 55 kDa subunit to other Se-containing proteins.     

Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VIIB. Incomplete cleavage of abnormal type I procollagen by N-proteinase in vitro results in the formation of copolymers of collagen and partially cleaved pNcollagen that are near circular in cross-section.

We have shown that a child with Ehlers Danlos syndrome (EDS) type VII has a G to A transition at the first nucleotide of intron 6 in one of her COL1A2 alleles. Half of the cDNA clones prepared from the proband's pro alpha 2(I) mRNA lacked exon 6. The type I procollagen secreted by the proband's dermal fibroblasts in culture was purified, and collagen fibrils were generated in vitro by cleavage of the procollagen with the procollagen N- and C-proteinases. Incubation of the procollagen with N-proteinase resulted in a 1:1 mixture of pCcollagen and uncleaved procollagen. Incubation of this mixture with C-proteinase generated collagen and abnormal pNcollagen (pNcollagen-ex6) that readily copolymerized into fibrils. By electron microscopy these fibrils resembled the hieroglyphic fibrils seen in the N-proteinase-deficient skin of dermatosparactic animals and humans and were distinct from the near circular cross-section fibrils seen in the tissues of individuals with EDS type VII. Further incubation of the hieroglyphic fibrils with N-proteinase resulted in partial cleavage of the pNcollagen-ex6 in which the abnormal pN alpha 2(I) chains remained intact. These fibrils were not hieroglyphic but were near circular in cross-section. Fibrils formed from collagen and pNcollagen-ex6 that had been partially cleaved with elevated amounts of N-proteinase prior to fibril formation were also near circular in cross-section. The results are consistent with a model of collagen fibril formation in which the intact N-propeptides are located exclusively at the surface of the hieroglyphic fibrils. Partial cleavage of the pNcollagen-ex6 by N-proteinase allows the N-propeptides to be incorporated within the body of the fibrils. The model provides an explanation for the morphology and molecular composition of collagen fibrils in the tissues of patients with EDS type VII.     

Efficacy of chemical and fluorescent protein markers in studying plant colonization by endophytic non-pathogenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> isolates

In studying plant colonization by inoculated Fusarium oxysporum endophytes, it is important to be able to distinguish inoculated isolates from saprophytic strains. In the current study, F. oxysporum isolates were transformed with the green (GFP) and red fluorescent protein (DsRed) genes, and benomyl- and chlorate-resistant mutant isolates were also developed. The benomyl- and chlorate-resistant mutants, and the fluorescently labelled transformants, were able to grow on potato dextrose agar amended with 20 mg Benlate^® l^?1, 30 g chlorate l^?1 and 150 μg hygromycin ml^?1, respectively. Single spores of all mutants remained stable after several transfers on non-selective media. Most mutants and transformants produced colony diameters that did not differ significantly from that of their wild-type progenitors after 7 days of growth on non-selective media. Few mutants, however, had growth rates that were either slower or faster than for their wild-types. Plant colonization studies showed that root and rhizome tissue colonization by most benomyl- and chlorate-resistant mutants was similar to that of their wild-type isolates. Unlike GFP transformants, DsRed transformants were difficult to visualize in planta. Both the mutants and transformants can be used for future studies to investigate colonization, distribution and survival of biocontrol F. oxysporum endophytes in banana plants.     

The significance of long-chain fatty acid composition and other phenotypic characteristics in determining relationships among some Pichia and Candida species

The long-chain fatty acid compositions of 22 species of Candida were determined, and compared with the fatty acid compositions of 10 species of the genus Pichia that contain coenzyme Q9. The long-chain fatty acid results were also compared with other phenotypic criteria (i.e. assimilation of carbon sources, coenzyme Q type, G + C content and proton magnetic resonance spectra) in order to establish possible anamorph/teleomorph relations. Close correlations were found between known perfect/imperfect states. The results suggest that C. cacaoi and P. farinosa, and C. maltosa and P. etchellsii, also have anamorph/teleomorph relationships.     

Stability of ultramer as copy number standards in real-time PCR

Since commercial copy number standards are not always available for real-time PCR, alternative sources of DNA are used. Unfortunately, stored genomic DNA or PCR amplicon has been shown to be unstable, resulting in variable copy number. More recently, the use of ultramer as copy number standard has been reported. However, there is little information on the stability of ultramer under different storage conditions. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the stability of ultramer as copy number standard under different storage conditions using different mixing methods. We found that ultramer copy number was not affected by storage at either 4 °C or − 20 °C over a period of 30 days. Furthermore, the method of mixing the ultramer did not appear to contribute to variability in results. Irrespective of storage temperature or mixing method, there was less than 5% variance in Ct value over a period of 30 days. A duplicate set of standards costs approximately $0.01. Therefore, the use of ultramer as copy number standards in real-time PCR, is cost effective and convenient.     

PATTERNS OF OSSIFICATION IN SOUTHERN VERSUS NORTHERN PLACENTAL MAMMALS

Consensus on placental mammal phylogeny is fairly recent compared to that for vertebrates as a whole. A stable phylogenetic hypothesis enables investigation into the possibility that placental clades differ from one another in terms of their development. Here, we focus on the sequence of skeletal ossification as a possible source of developmental distinctiveness in “northern” (Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires) versus “southern” (Afrotheria and Xenarthra) placental clades. We contribute data on cranial and postcranial ossification events during growth in Afrotheria, including elephants, hyraxes, golden moles, tenrecs, sengis, and aardvarks. We use three different techniques to quantify sequence heterochrony: continuous method, sequence‐ANOVA (analysis of variance) and event‐paring/Parsimov. We show that afrotherians significantly differ from other placentals by an early ossification of the orbitosphenoid and caudal vertebrae. Our analysis also suggests that both southern placental groups show a greater degree of developmental variability; however, they rarely seem to vary in the same direction, especially regarding the shifts that differ statistically. The latter observation is inconsistent with the Atlantogenata hypothesis in which afrotherians are considered as the sister clade of xenarthrans. Interestingly, ancestral nodes for Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires show very similar trends and our results suggest that developmental homogeneity in some ossification sequences may be restricted to northern placental mammals (Boreoeutheria).     

Evidence for a founder effect for pseudoxanthoma elasticum in the Afrikaner population of South Africa

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a heritable elastic tissue disorder recently shown to be attributable to mutations in the ABCC6 ( MRP6) gene. Whereas PXE has been identified in all ethnic groups studied to date, the prevalence of this disease in various populations is uncertain, although often assumed to be similar. A notable exception however is the prevalence of PXE among South African Afrikaners. A previous report has suggested that a founder effect may explain the higher prevalence of PXE in Afrikaners, a European-derived population that first settled in South Africa in the 17th century. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed haplotype and mutational analysis of DNA from 24 South African families of Afrikaner, British and Indian descent. Among the 17 Afrikaner families studied, three common haplotypes and six different disease-causing variants were identified. Three of these mutant alleles were missense variants, two were nonsense mutations and one was a single base-pair insertion. The most common variant accounted for 53% of the PXE alleles, whereas other mutant alleles appeared at lower frequencies ranging from 3% to 12%. Haplotype analysis of the Afrikaner families showed that the three most frequent mutations were identical-by-descent, indicating a founder origin of PXE in this population.