New PDE4 inhibitors based on pharmacophoric similarity between papaverine and tofisopam

Pharmacophoric comparison between papaverine and tofisopam led to identify three new series of micro- to sub-micromolar inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4, including 7,8-dialkoxy-2,3-benzodiazepin-4-one derivatives, 7,8-dialkoxy-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives, and dialkoxybenzophenone derivatives.     

Factors affecting the performance of horizontal flow constructed treatment wetland vegetated with Cyperus papyrus for municipal wastewater treatment

The effect of hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the bioremediation of municipal wastewater using a pilot scale subsurface horizontal flow constructed treatment wetland (HFCTW) vegetated with Cyprus papyrus was investigated. Different HLRs were applied to the treatment system namely 0.18, 0.10, and 0.07 m³/m². d with corresponding HRTs of 1.8, 3.2, and 4.7 days, respectively. The flow rate was 8 m³/d, and the average organic loading rate (OLR) was 0.037 kg BOD/m³/d. Results showed that the performance of the HFCTW was linearly affected by decreasing the HLR and increasing the HRT. The highest treatment efficiency was achieved at HRT (4.7 days) and HLR (0.07 m³/m². d). The percentage reductions of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) were 86%, 87%, and 80%, respectively. Satisfactory nutrient removal was obtained. Also, removal of 2–3 logs of bacterial indicators of pollution was achieved. The dry biomass of Cyperus was 7.7 kg/m² and proved to be very efficient in nitrification processes due to high diversity of the roots that increase the treatment surface area.     

Lead and cadmium concentrations in seawater and algae of the Tunisian coast

Both lead and cadmium are toxic trace metals, even in very weak concentrations. The aim of this study was to estimate lead and cadmium pollution in various sites of the Tunisian coast and to verify the possibility of modification of the algae bioconcentration power according to water physico-chemical conditions. Our study concerned 99 samples of algae and 99 samples of seawater, taken in different sites of the Tunisian littoral. The analysis was realized by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (oven graphite). In algae, Sfax site presented the highest concentrations of lead when Sousse site showed the lowest ones. In seawater, the most amounts of lead were observed in Bizerte, Mahdia and Sfax sites, and those of cadmium in Bizerte and Medenine coasts. Bizerte's coast seems to be the most exposed zone to pollution. Indeed, the intensification of sea traffic may take place on this pollution because hydrocarbons derived from petroleum contain some tetraethylic lead characterised by its great toxicity. Sousse's region is the least polluted zone; it might be due to the development of tourism and a strict regulation of pollution in this district.     

Influence of PEG induced drought stress on molecular and biochemical constituents and seedling growth of Egyptian barley cultivars

In order to investigate the effects of drought stress on germination components of barley cultivars, a laboratory experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete design with four replications. The controlled experiment included ten of Egyptian barley cultivars namely; (Giza 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 134, 135 and 2000) as first factor. The second factor included 4 levels of drought stress inducer by applying 0, 5, 10 and 20% of polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) which is equivalent to four osmotic potential levels including ?0.001, ?0.27, ?0.54 and ?1.09 MPa, respectively. The results showed that, the highest reduction was related to the drought level of 20% PEG among the barley cultivars. The best cultivars in terms of germination traits were Giza 134, Giza 127, and Giza 126 this indicate their tolerance to drought stress and Giza 130, 135, 2000 cultivars was moderately tolerance and remaining is less tolerance. The protein band 27 kDa and 78 kDa showed high intensity after stress in almost all cultivars. Those two protein bands their exciting was very clear in treated barley leaf tissue. It could be related to dehydrine and oxygen evolving enhancer protein 2 (OEE2) which involved in drought stress tolerance response. Cultivars Giza 127, 130 and 134 showed highest tolerance response under drought stress. The antioxidant enzymes PAGE pattern of Peroxidase (POX), Sodium dismutase (SOD) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) for Barley cultivars under drought stress revealed a high activities for Giza 126, 127, 134, 136 and 2000 under ?0.5 MPa osmotic stress by PEG in most of their isoforms. Based on similarity coefficient values the highest values were 1.0 with 100% similarly between tolerant cultivars Giza 130 and Giza 127. Similarly between the susceptible cultivars 125 and Giza 129 was 60%.These data confirmed by the growth parameters which we ranked as tolerant to drought stress.     

Réflexion sur l’extension de l’Ibéromaurusien au Maghreb à la fin du Pléistocène

This paper proposes a new reflection about the late Pleistocene climate impact on the iberomausian coastal expansion. A recent advancement of palaeoenvironment knowledge allows us from now to apprehend a context and circumstances in which are developed diverse late Pleistocene cultures in the Maghreb. This article tries to understand a cultural dynamic of this period by the light of a contemporary climatic evolution.     

Three-dimensional imaging of the unsectioned adult spinal cord to assess axon regeneration and glial responses after injury

Studying regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) is hampered by current histological and imaging techniques because they provide only partial information about axonal and glial reactions. Here we developed a tetrahydrofuran-based clearing procedure that renders fixed and unsectioned adult CNS tissue transparent and fully penetrable for optical imaging. In large spinal cord segments, we imaged fluorescently labeled cells by 'ultramicroscopy' and two-photon microscopy without the need for histological sectioning. We found that more than a year after injury growth-competent axons regenerated abundantly through the injury site. A few growth-incompetent axons could also regenerate when they bypassed the lesion. Moreover, we accurately determined quantitative changes of glial cells after spinal cord injury. Thus, clearing CNS tissue enables an unambiguous evaluation of axon regeneration and glial reactions. Our clearing procedure also renders other organs transparent, which makes this approach useful for a large number of preclinical paradigms.