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C Crone J Frokjaer-Jensen JJ Friedman O Christensen 《The Journal of general physiology》1978,71(2):195-220
7.
Specific protein-protein interactions are crucial in signaling networks and for the assembly of multi-protein complexes, and represent a challenging goal for protein design. Optimizing interaction specificity requires both positive design, the stabilization of a desired interaction, and negative design, the destabilization of undesired interactions. Currently, no automated protein-design algorithms use explicit negative design to guide a sequence search. We describe a multi-state framework for engineering specificity that selects sequences maximizing the transfer free energy of a protein from a target conformation to a set of undesired competitor conformations. To test the multi-state framework, we engineered coiled-coil interfaces that direct the formation of either homodimers or heterodimers. The algorithm identified three specificity motifs that have not been observed in naturally occurring coiled coils. In all cases, experimental results confirm the predicted specificities. 相似文献
8.
G. Kronfuß A. Polle M. Tausz W. M. Havranek G. Wieser 《Trees - Structure and Function》1998,12(8):482-489
To investigate the effects of ozone exposure and soil drought, singly and in combination, on gas exchange, antioxidant contents
and pigments in current-year needles of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] 4-year-old seedlings were fumigated in growth chambers with either charcoal-filtered air or with 100 nl l–1 ozone for 106 days. After 3 weeks a 20% reduction in gas exchange was observed in ozone-treated seedlings. However, no further
decrease occurred in spite of continued ozone exposure. Whole needle ascorbate and apoplastic ascorbate increased until the
end of the experiment and contents were 62% and 82%, respectively, higher than in ozone-free controls. This increase in ascorbate
might have protected net photosynthesis from further decline. Ozone pre-treated plants and ozone-free controls were subjected
to soil drought for 38 days which caused stomatal narrowing. Thereby ozone uptake was reduced when compared to well watered
seedlings. At the end of the experiment drought alone, and even more in combination with ozone, had also caused an increase
in ascorbate. Glutathione increased only in drought-stressed seedlings. The redox states of the ascorbate and the glutathione
pools were not affected by any treatment. Superoxide dismutase activity declined under both stresses but was most reduced
by ozone alone. While chlorophyll and neoxanthin contents remained unchanged, carotenes were significantly decreased upon
drought. The combination of O3 and drought induced increased lutein contents, an increased pool size of the xanthophyll cycle as well as an increased epoxidation
status of the xanthophyll cycle. These results suggest that spruce needles seem to be able to acclimate to ozone stress but
also to drought stress by increasing their ascorbate pools and protecting pigments.
Received: 15 September 1997 / Accepted: 24 March 1998 相似文献
9.
Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) has been used for rapid and accurate DNA mutation analysis; to extend the DNA fragment lengths analysis. Recently, polymorphism in polyglutamine-coding region of Amplified In Breast cancer gene 1 (AIB1) was analyzed as an independent genetic risk factor influencing breast cancer onset in carriers of mutation in breast cancer predisposing gene 1 (BRCA1). We have implemented efficient, cost-effective and rapid method for analysis of the AIB1 polyglutamine repeat polymorphism based on DHPLC analysis (WAVE system) of unlabeled PCR products. This strategy can be useful for genotyping of other trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms using DHPLC in medium/high throughput settings. 相似文献
10.
Pettersson I Ebdrup S Havranek M Pihera P Korínek M Mogensen JP Jeppesen CB Johansson E Sauerberg P 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2007,17(16):4625-4629
Structure based ligand design was used in order to design a partial agonist for the PPARdelta receptor. The maximum activation in the transactivation assay was reduced from 87% to 39%. The crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of the PPARdelta receptor in complex with compound 2 was determined in order to understand the structural changes which gave rise to the decrease in maximum activation. 相似文献