Production of proliferation inhibitors by mature granulocytes

The aim of the experiments was to find ways of increasing the yield of small molecular weight inhibitors of cell proliferation released by granulocytes. Almost pure populations of granulocytes from pig or human blood, or from sterile inflammatory exudates in rats were treated in various ways and then spun down. Molecules below approximately 10 000 dalton (Diaflo ultrafiltration or Sephadex G 25 filtration) in the supernatants were tested for inhibitory activity by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation in 5 to 6-h coverslip cultures of rat bone marrow cells. The different granulocyte treatments were: Freeze-thawing, sonication, incubation (at +4 degrees -37 degrees C) in hypotonic media (0-200 mosm/kg), storage in vitro overnight (at +4 degrees C) before incubation, incubation at 37 degrees C in complete and buffered tissue culture medium (Fischer's with 10 mmol/1 HEPES), incubation in saline only (2-h periods, approximately 70 X 10(6) cells/ml), or with lidocaine added, with Ca++ and the Ca++ ionophore A-23187, with K+ and the K+ ionophore Valinomycin, with a high K+ concentration (50 mmol/1), with arachidonic acid, with a cAMP analogue, or with a protease inhibitor added during or at the end of the incubation. On a per cell basis rat peritonitis granulocytes released more inhibitor than pig blood granulocytes, whereas human blood granulocytes were not detectably inhibitory at all. Arachidonic acid was the most promising agent tested to increase inhibitor release above that occurring spontaneously from granulocytes incubated in saline.     

Pollen morphology of Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae)

The pollen morphology of 37 species of Trichosanthes was examined, using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of the diverse exine ornamentation it is possible to distinguish five pollen types. With aperture characters, two of them can be subdivided into subtypes. Two types can be characterised with ultrastructural features as well. It appeared that several of the types (alt. subtypes) correspond very well to existing macromorphological groupings. The most deviating type, including only the monotypic section Trichosanthes (T. cucumerina), shows verrucate ornamentation, a thick granular infratectum and a thin, indistinctly delimited nexine. It is similar to that of the Madagascan genus Tricyclandra.     

A histological study of microsporogenesis in Tarenna gracilipes (Rubiaceae)

We studied the microsporogenesis in Tarenna gracilipes (Hayata) Ohwi, with special attention to the mode of exine deposition and tapetum development. We based this research on light (LM), scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations of developing anthers of T. gracilipes, from the microspore mother cell stage towards anther dehiscence. Evidence is supplied that the microsporogenesis in T. gracilipes can be considered as simultaneous. Columellae, foot layer and tectum develop in a fibrillar matrix. Similar with earlier studies in Rubiaceae species, a single white line formed near the plasmalemma in the extra‐apertural region. The developing endexine dilated into several white line centered lamellae at the apertures. An annulus is formed around the inner surface of each pore. In the mature intine two strata can be distinguished. At the apertures thick onci are formed protruding through the apertures thereby forming papillae, a common feature in Rubiaceae. In Rubiaceae species amoeboid as well as secretory tapeta are reported. In T. gracilipes it is shown that the tapetum cells possess in all developmental stages characteristics of the secretory type. During microsporogenesis the tapetum cytoplasm undergoes considerable changes which may indicate cycles of hyperactivity. Sporopollenin deposition on the pre‐orbicules is mediated by white lines showing correlations with endexine, annulus and columellae ontogeny. These findings corroborate the idea that orbicule wall development can represent a model to study sporopollenin deposition. At anther dehiscence Ca‐oxalate crystals are released out of the ruptured septum cells into the locule, providing a possible visual signal for pollinators.     

A modified FCR test to evaluate pollen viability in Juniperus communis L.

Pollen viability of Juniperus communis L. and other gymnosperms with taxoid type pollen cannot be assessed with the more common viability tests because the thick sporoderm prevents reagents from penetrating into the cytoplasm. Here we describe a technique for pre‐hydration of pollen that overcomes this problem so that the common FCR test can be used to assess its viability. Pollen of J. communis must be re‐hydrated by suspending in water. This re‐hydration causes the splitting of the exine and a huge swelling of the intine. The sporoderm becomes permeable to fluoresceine diacetate and the FCR‐viability test can be applied. The FCR result is supported by scoring the germination percentage in vitro.     

通往风景园林行业的BIM之路——数字化竖向设计教育

随着全球建造业向数字化全面转型,建筑信息模型（BIM)的教学将是未来几年风景园林设计与实施的重要主题。介绍了风景园林专业BIM的教学方法和数字化竖向设计及其应用在BIM场地设计项目中的重要性。数字化竖向设计是实现BIM的途径。风景园林教育必须在其教学中讲解BIM建模方法和过程。     

景观类型——面向当代风景园林学的一种分类法

当代风景园林项目中所蕴含的设计哲学和形式来源缺乏一种系统的分类与讨论。通过提出11种类型,构建一种当代分类法。这些类型包括：场所精神、反传统主义、奇观、赛博格、数字景观、不确定性、管理主义、行动主义、弹性、景观都市主义和宏大规划。分类不企图将风景园林师的所有工作归入明确类型,而是强调其可识别性特质,不仅对特定项目,对整个风景园林学科也具有重要作用。每一种类型既可作为潜在语言工具,为当代设计构建更广泛的讨论基础,又可作为明确主题,帮助设计师更自觉地探索设计的原创性。望以此激发对景观类型的讨论。     

关于（荒野）殖民化

由于人类体验自然的渴望日益增长,在政治和实践层面,在城市中提供接触自然的机会显得越来越必要。关于“城市荒野”的思想和规划旨在提供一种特殊的自然体验。鉴于不同荒野思想之间存在冲突,风景园林师必须设法了解已有的荒野认知及其含义。通过 3 个荒野类别—“未知荒野”“特定荒野”和“过程荒野”,探讨发展千年的荒野理念,并提出“殖民化”（colonisations）概念作为理解荒野理念发展的一个关键。自然过程伴随着动植物对空间的殖民,而人类进入和占有空间的殖民过程则包含生理、心理和精神 3 个层面的内容。空间命名是一种特殊的、具有精神和象征意味的殖民化形式。例如,人类在城市中发现野生植被,称其为“野性自然”或“城市荒野”。然而,如今大多数（尤其官方）的荒野定义中均排除了人类干扰：一旦被殖民,真正的荒野就不复存在。科学研究对自然过程的殖民化已取得很多成果,但对于人类有关自然和荒野的认知和态度了解并不多。对于风景园林师来说,这有助于更好地理解如何“基于自然进行设计和建造”,对创造令人满意的景观也非常重要。探讨与“城市荒野”有关的论述、规划和设计观点及思想。 由于人类体验自然的渴望日益增长,在政治和实践层面,在城市中提供接触自然的机会显得越来越必要。关于“城市荒野”的思想和规划旨在提供一种特殊的自然体验。鉴于不同荒野思想之间存在冲突,风景园林师必须设法了解已有的荒野认知及其含义。通过 3 个荒野类别—“未知荒野”“特定荒野”和“过程荒野”,探讨发展千年的荒野理念,并提出“殖民化”（colonisations）概念作为理解荒野理念发展的一个关键。自然过程伴随着动植物对空间的殖民,而人类进入和占有空间的殖民过程则包含生理、心理和精神 3 个层面的内容。空间命名是一种特殊的、具有精神和象征意味的殖民化形式。例如,人类在城市中发现野生植被,称其为“野性自然”或“城市荒野”。然而,如今大多数（尤其官方）的荒野定义中均排除了人类干扰：一旦被殖民,真正的荒野就不复存在。科学研究对自然过程的殖民化已取得很多成果,但对于人类有关自然和荒野的认知和态度了解并不多。对于风景园林师来说,这有助于更好地理解如何“基于自然进行设计和建造”,对创造令人满意的景观也非常重要。探讨与“城市荒野”有关的论述、规划和设计观点及思想。