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排序方式: 共有402条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Cody A. Pope Halvor M. Halvorson Robert H. Findlay Steven N. Francoeur Kevin A. Kuehn 《Freshwater Biology》2020,65(7):1210-1222
- Recent evidence suggests that periphytic algae stimulate plant litter heterotrophs (fungi and bacteria) in the presence of light, but few studies have tested whether this stimulation varies across gradients of light, which may covary with temperature.
- We exposed field-conditioned Typha domingensis litter to fully-crossed, short-term gradients of temperature (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and light (0, 25, 53, 123, and 388 µmol quanta m−2 s−1) and measured responses of litter-associated algal, fungal, and bacterial production rates and β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, and phenol oxidase enzyme activities in the laboratory.
- Increased light stimulated algal production rates, from immeasurable production under darkness to >200 µg algal C g−1 detrital C hr−1 at the highest light level, with the greatest light sensitivity and maximal photosynthetic rates at 25°C. In turn, increased light stimulated fungal production rates, especially at the two highest temperatures and most strongly at 25°C where light stimulated fungal production by a mean of 65 µg C g−1 detrital C hr−1, indicating 2.1-fold stimulation by light. Bacterial production rates also responded to light, indicated by stimulation of a mean of 16 µg C g−1 detrital C hr−1 (1.6-fold) at 15°C, but stimulation was weaker at higher temperatures. Enzyme activities increased strongly with elevated temperature but were not affected by light.
- Our experimental evidence suggests algae differentially stimulate litter-associated bacteria and fungi in a light-dependent manner that further depends on temperature. These findings advance understanding of the onset of algal stimulation of heterotrophy, including algal-induced priming effects during litter decomposition, in response to common covarying environmental gradients subject to global change.
2.
The aleocharine subtribe Homalotina Heer represents one of the most diverse lineages of Staphylinidae. Despite its wide distribution and diversity, the phylogenetic relationships of the subtribe remain poorly understood. Here, we present the first cladistic analysis of the Homalotina based on morphological data. The subtribe is hypothesized to be a monophyletic group consisting of seven genera (Anomognathus Solier, Cephaloxynum Bernhauer, Holisomimus Cameron, Homalota Mannerheim, Neomalota Cameron, Stenomastax Cameron, and Thecturota Casey). The dataset for phylogenetic analysis comprised 83 characters representing 245 character states derived from adult morphology. These data were analysed using equal weighting and implied weighting schemes (k = 1–6) and results support the monophyly of the subtribe based on two synapomorphic characters (complete postoccipital sutures on head, posterolateral margin of metacoxae with macrosetae) and three homoplastic characters (medial setae on prementum not extended to apex of ligula, medial setae on labium contiguous, posterolateral angle of elytron slightly sinuate). Generic relationships differ in each analysis within the Homalotina (EW, IW with k = 1, 2–4, 5–6) although there are some identical topologies among the IW trees. Clades A, B, C, D, H, J and G were resolved as monophyletic in all weighting regimes. The monophyly of the genera is relatively well supported except for the genera Homalota and Stenomastax. Homalota species were recovered in four independent clades (clade C, D, I, K) and the Stenomastax species were recovered in two independent lineages. Candidates for the possible new genera are discussed. We herein transfer Homalota flavomaculata Bernhauer to the genus Stenomastax, resulting in the new combination [Stenomastax flavomaculata (Bernhauer)]. Our preliminary character correlation tests using phylogenetic pairwise comparisons did not support the hypothesis of association between flattened body form, and subcortical habitat and anterior shift of antennal insertion in Homalotini. 相似文献
3.
Cadmium- and mercury-resistant Bacillus strains from a salt marsh and from Boston Harbor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
I Mahler H S Levinson Y Wang H O Halvorson 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1986,52(6):1293-1298
Bacteria resistant to cadmium or mercury or both were isolated from the Great Sippewissett Marsh (Cape Cod, Mass.) and from Boston Harbor. Many of these metal-resistant isolates were gram-positive aerobic sporeformers, although not necessarily isolated as spores. Although several of the isolated strains bore plasmids, cadmium and mercury resistances appeared to be, for the most part, chromosomally encoded. DNA sequence homology of the gram-positive cadmium- and mercury-resistant isolates was not demonstrable with metal resistance genes from plasmids of either gram-positive (pI258) or gram-negative (pDB7) origin. Cadmium resistance of all the marsh isolates tested resulted from reduced Cd2+ transport. On the other hand, three cadmium-resistant harbor isolates displayed considerable influx but no efflux of Cd2+. Hg-resistant strains detoxified mercury by transforming Hg2+ to volatile Hg0 via mercuric reductase. 相似文献
4.
Mutants with reduced activity for beta-glucosidase (beta-d-glucoside glucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.21) were isolated from the haploid yeast Saccharomyces lactis. Tetrad analysis indicated that in each mutant a single genetic factor, closely linked or allelic to the structural gene for beta-glucosidase (B locus), is responsible for the decreased activity. beta-Glucosidases produced by wild-type and mutant strains are similar in molecular size and charge but differ in catalytic properties, thermal stability, and serological specificity, indicating that mutants are in the structural gene. All mutants retained their capacity to be induced by either methyl-beta-d-glucoside or glucose. In all cases, the mutant phenotype was dominant in heterozygous diploids. 相似文献
5.
Method for Restricting Incorporation of Radioactivity from 3H-Thymidine into Deoxyribonucleic Acid Only During Outgrowth of Spores of Bacillus cereus T 总被引:3,自引:5,他引:3
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When heat-activated spores of Bacillus cereus T (thy(-)) were germinated and grown in medium containing (3)H-thymidine, a significant amount of radioactivity was incorporated into ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). A method was developed to restrict the incorporation of radioactivity from (3)H-thymidine into DNA only. This was accomplished by labeling the cells with (3)H-thymidine in the presence of 2 mg of 2-deoxyadenosine per ml, 250 mug each of uracil, cytosine, and guanosine per ml, and 500 mug of adenosine per ml. Under these conditions, 97% of the radioactivity incorporated into cold trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was associated with DNA only. In the absence of these compounds, DNA contained only 72% of the total radioactivity incorporated into cold acid-insoluble material. 相似文献
6.
Sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Absence of a Functional Mitochondrial Genome 总被引:8,自引:4,他引:8
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The role of the mitochondrial system during sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Addition of ethidium bromide (EthBr) to cells growing in acetate medium resulted in the quantitative (>98%) conversion of the culture to the petite genotype in one generation. The cells were respiratory active (derepressed) but contained no mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) as demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation in CsCl. When transferred to acetate sporulation medium, the culture sporulated. Ascus production was only slightly below that of the control culture. Synthesis of mtDNA occurred during sporulation in the control but not in the EthBr-treated culture. Mitochondrial protein synthesis was virtually eliminated in the EthBr-treated culture. Therefore, completely derepressed cells can sporulate without a functional mitochondrial genetic system. When partially repressed cells were treated with EthBr, no ascus formation was observed after transfer to sporulation medium. Control cultures underwent respiratory adaptation in sporulation medium and then sporulated. Extensive derepression of the respiratory system is thus required for sporulation, and this adaptation is dependent on a functional mitochondrial system. Our results suggest that once the cells are fully derepressed no mitochondrial genetic information has to be expressed during meiosis and ascus formation. 相似文献
7.
椰心叶甲[Brontispa longissima(Gestro)]是椰子的重要害虫,近年来,该虫在海南岛发生普遍,椰子受害严重。由于椰心叶甲受到自然界中某些致病微生物的侵袭,在受害的椰子树心叶上常可发现椰心叶甲僵虫,并发现大部分僵虫表面长出了霉菌,本研究的目的在于从椰心叶甲僵虫表面的霉菌中分离出绿僵菌,并对分离菌株进行鉴定和致病性测定。从僵虫表面刮下孢子或菌丝体,置于绿僵菌选择性培养基(DOA)上培养,挑出真菌菌落,经纯化后,进行生物学特性、菌落生长速率及产孢量的测定,并从PPDA、OMA、VSA和PDA中筛选菌落生长及产孢最适培养基,同时对所分离的菌株进行对椰心叶甲的致病性测定。结果表明,所有分离菌株均鉴定为金龟子绿僵菌[Metarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff)],PPDA是菌落生长及产孢的最适培养基,大多数菌株对椰心叶甲有较强的致病力。选取强毒菌株MA4在田间进行防治效果的初步测定,结果表明,该菌株能显著降低椰心叶甲成虫的虫口密度。这些金龟子绿僵菌菌株是首次从海南的椰心叶甲僵虫中分离到的昆虫病原真菌,该菌对海南的椰心叶甲具有很好的生防潜能。 相似文献
8.
在疫霉属真菌中,很多种是重要的经济植物的病原菌,寄主范围广泛,包括乔木、灌木和各种农作物;为害性大,常带来严重的经济损失。本文主要研究疫霉异宗配合种的交配型。根据疫霉在纯培养和成对培养(dual culture)中产生有性器官的能力,疫霉属可分为同宗配合种和异宗配合种两大类群。异宗配合种的A~1交配型与同一种或其它种的A~2交配型进行成对培养时,可以形成有性器官。两个可亲合菌系配合而形成有性器官时,可能发生基因重组,其结果将使病原菌具有更强的生存能力、致病力以及更广泛的寄主范围。因此,研究疫霉两种不同的交配型的分布,不仅对认识病害的发生发展规律,进一步设计防治措施有着重要意义,而且对疫霉属的起源、演化和移栖也有着深远的理论意义。作者对收集到的7个异宗配合种:Phytophthora capsici,P.cinnamomi,P.citrophthora,P.colocasiae,P.infestans,P.nicotianae,P.palmivora的38个分离物进行了交配型的研究,测定工作使用澄清的Campbell蔬菜汁琼脂培养基(V8C),用于确定交配型的菌系有P.nicotianae var.parasitica A~1,P.nicotianae var.parasitica A~2,P.cinnamomi A~1,P.cinnamomi A~2,P.palmivora A~1,P.palmivora A~2.每个分离物分别与已知种的A~1和A~2两个菌系成对接种于同一V8C平板上,放入25℃温箱中培养,2周后在两个菌落的连线上检查有性器官的产生情况。实验结果表明,中国疫霉属异宗配合种的这些分离物的交配型与寄主或地理分布似无相关性,同一种植物上分离到的同种疫霉可以是A~1交配型,也可以为A~2交配型;同一地区可以出现两种交配型,不同地区又有相同的交配型。云南西双版纳橡胶园中的分离物(P.citrophthora,P.colocasiae,P.palmivora)都表现为中性。 相似文献
9.
在31只氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的猫,观察了选择性激活颈动脉压力和化学感受器对巨细胞旁外侧核(PGL)单位放电的影响。136个PGL自发放电单位中,有84个在激活颈动脉压力感受器(BA)(新福林,1—2μg/kg,iv)和/或激活颈动脉化学感受器(CA)(nicotine 5—20μg,溶于0.25—0.5ml生理盐水中,注入甲状腺动脉)时,放电频率有变化。在这些有反应的单位中,16个仅对CA起反应(11个兴奋、5个抑制);54个以各种组合方式对CA和BA都起反应,其中以CA引起兴奋反应而BA引起抑制反应的占比例最大;14个仅对BA起反应(7个兴奋,7个抑制)。在定位分布上,那些只对CA起反应的单位多位于PGL的腹侧部份;仅对BA起反应的单位则位于对CA起反应单位的较背侧;对BA和CA均起反应的单位介于上述两者之间或在较深区域。这些结果表明,颈动脉区压力和化学感受器活动传入到PGL,并会聚在其中一些神经元上。 在PGL内全部有反应的单位中,68个对激活颈动脉压力感受器起反应,其中兴奋的29个,抑制的39个(P>0.05);70个对激活颈动脉化学感受器起反应,其中48个兴奋,22个抑制(P<0.005)。这些结果提示,BA对PGL神经元引起兴奋和抑制两种效应,而CA则诱发兴奋为主的反应。 相似文献
10.
心房钠尿因子对麻醉家兔局部血流的影响 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
在42只麻醉家兔,观察了静脉注射心房肽Ⅱ(AtriopeptinⅡ,APⅡ)对局部血流量以及动脉内注射 AP Ⅱ 对局部血管阻力的影响。结果如下:(1)静脉注射 APⅡ(30μg/kg)5min后,平均动脉压(MAP)降低11.0±1.5mmHg(n=8,M±SE,下同),与溶剂对照组相比有明显差异(P相似文献