Eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed to delineate population structure of Ammodytes personatus. These markers had between 8 and 27 alleles. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.818 to 0.965, whereas the observed heterozygosity
ranged from 0.441 to 0.886. Five of the eleven markers conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. We believe the markers will
be useful for genetic diversity study of A. personatus. 相似文献
The main aim of this study is to optimize and evaluate transdermal patch of Carvedilol by the use of different polymer and different permeation enhancers which help to release drug in controlled action and thereby increase the bioavailability of the drug. Main objective was to avoid first pass metabolism of Carvedilol. Transdermal patches were developed by solvent evaporation method. The combination of Eudragit RS-100 as rate controlling polymer and Span 80 as a permeation enhancer was found to be ideal formulation (Formulation F7) with maximum drug release i.e. 100.29 ± 0.44 % within 12 h. Formulation F7 showed maximum bioavailability and showed maximum drop of BP at 6 h. From this study the conclusion was, transdermal patch of Carvedilol which contains Eudragit RS-100 polymer and Span 80 as penetration enhancer produced sustained and continued drug release. 相似文献
We studied the relationship of apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms and coronary artery disease (CAD) in 224 African Americans and 326 Caucasians undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography. The presence of CAD was defined as >50% stenosis in at least one artery. ApoE allele frequencies were 0.12, 0.62, and 0.26 for epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4, respectively, in African Americans and 0.08, 0.78, and 0.14 for epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4, respectively, in Caucasians. Among African Americans, CAD was present in 9 of 34 epsilon 2 carriers (26%), significantly smaller (P < 0.05) in proportion compared with 39 of 82 epsilon 3 carriers and 43 of 92 epsilon 4 carriers (48% and 47%, respectively), suggesting a protective effect of the epsilon 2 allele. No such difference was seen in Caucasians. In African Americans but not Caucasians, LDL cholesterol was lower in epsilon 2 carriers than in epsilon 3 and epsilon 4 carriers (106 vs. 127 and 134 mg/dl, respectively; P < 0.005). After adjusting for lipid levels, the association between apoE2 and CAD was no longer significant. Thus, the protective effect of apoE2 seen in African Americans could be explained by a favorable lipid profile in epsilon 2 carriers, whereas in Caucasians, the absence of such a protective effect could be attributable to the lack of effect of apoE2 on the lipid profile. 相似文献
Essential proteins are indispensable to the development and survival of cells. The identification of essential proteins not only is helpful for the understanding of the minimal requirements for cell survival, but also has practical significance in disease diagnosis, drug design and medical treatment. With the rapidly amassing of protein–protein interaction (PPI) data, computationally identifying essential proteins from protein–protein interaction networks (PINs) becomes more and more popular. Up to now, a number of various approaches for essential protein identification based on PINs have been developed.
Results
In this paper, we propose a new and effective approach called iMEPP to identify essential proteins from PINs by fusing multiple types of biological data and applying the influence maximization mechanism to the PINs. Concretely, we first integrate PPI data, gene expression data and Gene Ontology to construct weighted PINs, to alleviate the impact of high false-positives in the raw PPI data. Then, we define the influence scores of nodes in PINs with both orthological data and PIN topological information. Finally, we develop an influence discount algorithm to identify essential proteins based on the influence maximization mechanism.
Conclusions
We applied our method to identifying essential proteins from saccharomyces cerevisiae PIN. Experiments show that our iMEPP method outperforms the existing methods, which validates its effectiveness and advantage.
Objective: To provide state‐level estimates of total, Medicare, and Medicaid obesity‐attributable medical expenditures. Research Methods and Procedures: We developed an econometric model that predicts medical expenditures. We used this model and state‐representative data to quantify obesity‐attributable medical expenditures. Results: Annual U.S. obesity‐attributable medical expenditures are estimated at $75 billion in 2003 dollars, and approximately one‐half of these expenditures are financed by Medicare and Medicaid. State‐level estimates range from $87 million (Wyoming) to $7.7 billion (California). Obesity‐attributable Medicare estimates range from $15 million (Wyoming) to $1.7 billion (California), and Medicaid estimates range from $23 million (Wyoming) to $3.5 billion (New York). Discussion: These estimates of obesity‐attributable medical expenditures present the best available information concerning the economic impact of obesity at the state level. Policy makers should consider these estimates, along with other factors, in determining how best to allocate scarce public health resources. However, because they are associated with large SE, these estimates should not be used to make comparisons across states or among payers within states. 相似文献
The genetic variability of apolipoprotein E (apoE) influences plasma lipoprotein levels, and allele frequencies differ between African Americans and Caucasians. As African Americans have higher lipoprotein [a] (Lp[a]) levels than Caucasians, we investigated the effects of the apoE gene on allele-specific apolipoprotein [a] (apo[a]) levels across ethnicity. We determined apo[a] sizes, allele-specific apo[a] levels (i.e., levels associated with alleles defined by size), and the apoE gene polymorphism in 231 African Americans and 336 Caucasians. African Americans, but not Caucasians, with the apo E2 genotype had lower levels of Lp[a] compared with those with the apo E4 genotype (9.6 vs. 11.2 nmol/l; P = 0.034, expressed as square root levels). Distribution of apo[a] alleles across apoE genotypes were similar between African Americans and Caucasians. Among African Americans with large apo[a], the allele-specific apo[a] level was significantly lower among epsilon2 carriers compared with epsilon3 or epsilon4 carriers (5.4 vs. 6.6 and 7.4 nmol/l, respectively; P < 0.005, expressed as square root levels). In contrast, there was no significant difference in allele-specific apo[a] levels across apoE genotypes among Caucasians. For large apo[a] sizes, apoE genotype contributed to the observed African American-Caucasian differences in allele-specific apo[a] levels. 相似文献