全文获取类型
收费全文 | 461篇 |
免费 | 10篇 |
专业分类
471篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 1篇 |
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 2篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 13篇 |
2014年 | 10篇 |
2013年 | 22篇 |
2012年 | 22篇 |
2011年 | 30篇 |
2010年 | 18篇 |
2009年 | 14篇 |
2008年 | 36篇 |
2007年 | 22篇 |
2006年 | 24篇 |
2005年 | 21篇 |
2004年 | 35篇 |
2003年 | 17篇 |
2002年 | 14篇 |
2001年 | 23篇 |
2000年 | 16篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 3篇 |
1960年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有471条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Sehrawat B Sridharan M Ghosh S Robson P Cass CE Mackey JR Greiner R Damaraju S 《Human genetics》2011,130(4):529-537
Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown several risk alleles to be associated with breast cancer. However,
the variants identified so far contribute to only a small proportion of disease risk. The objective of our GWAS was to identify
additional novel breast cancer susceptibility variants and to replicate these findings in an independent cohort. We performed
a two-stage association study in a cohort of 3,064 women from Alberta, Canada. In Stage I, we interrogated 906,600 single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on Affymetrix SNP 6.0 arrays using 348 breast cancer cases and 348 controls. We used single-locus
association tests to determine statistical significance for the observed differences in allele frequencies between cases and
controls. In Stage II, we attempted to replicate 35 significant markers identified in Stage I in an independent study of 1,153
cases and 1,215 controls. Genotyping of Stage II samples was done using Sequenom Mass-ARRAY iPlex platform. Six loci from
four different gene regions (chromosomes 4, 5, 16 and 19) showed statistically significant differences between cases and controls
in both Stage I and Stage II testing, and also in joint analysis. The identified variants were from EDNRA, ROPN1L, C16orf61 and ZNF577 gene regions. The presented joint analyses from the two-stage study design were not significant after genome-wide correction. The SNPs
identified in this study may serve as potential candidate loci for breast cancer risk in a further replication study in Stage
III from Alberta population or independent validation in Caucasian cohorts elsewhere. 相似文献
2.
Mrácek J Greiner S Cho WK Rauwolf U Braun M Umate P Altstätter J Stoppel R Mlcochová L Silber MV Volz SM White S Selmeier R Rudd S Herrmann RG Meurer J 《Genomics》2006,88(3):372-380
Coevolution of cellular genetic compartments is a fundamental aspect in eukaryotic genome evolution that becomes apparent in serious developmental disturbances after interspecific organelle exchanges. The genus Oenothera represents a unique, at present the only available, resource to study the role of the compartmentalized plant genome in diversification of populations and speciation processes. An integrated approach involving cDNA cloning, EST sequencing, and bioinformatic data mining was chosen using Oenothera elata with the genetic constitution nuclear genome AA with plastome type I. The Gene Ontology system grouped 1621 unique gene products into 17 different functional categories. Application of arrays generated from a selected fraction of ESTs revealed significantly differing expression profiles among closely related Oenothera species possessing the potential to generate fertile and incompatible plastid/nuclear hybrids (hybrid bleaching). Furthermore, the EST library provides a valuable source of PCR-based polymorphic molecular markers that are instrumental for genotyping and molecular mapping approaches. 相似文献
3.
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a pivotal role in the vertebrate immune system and are attractive markers for functional, fitness-related, genetic variation. Although bats (Chiroptera) represent the second largest mammalian order and are prone to various emerging infectious diseases, little is known about MHC evolution in bats. In the present study, we examined expressed MHC class II DRB sequences (exons 1 to 4) of New World bat species, Saccopteryx bilineata, Carollia perspicillata, Noctilio albiventris and Noctilio leporinus (only exon 2). We found a wide range of copy number variation of DRB loci with one locus detected in the genus Noctilio and up to ten functional loci observed in S. bilineata. Sequence variation between alleles of the same taxa was high with evidence for positive selection. We found statistical support for recombination or gene conversion events among sequences within the same but not between bat species. Phylogenetic relationships among DRB alleles provided strong evidence for independent evolution of the functional MHC class II DRB genes in the three investigated species, either by recent gene duplication, or homogenization of duplicated loci by frequent gene conversion events. Phylogenetic analysis of all available chiropteran DRB exon 2 sequences confirmed their monophyletic origin within families, but revealed a possible trans-species mode of evolution pattern in congeneric bat species, e.g. within the genera Noctilio and Myotis. This is the first study investigating phylogenetic relationships of MHC genes within bats and therefore contributes to a better understanding of MHC evolution in one of the most dominant mammalian order. 相似文献
4.
5.
R Ghorbani-Nasrabadi R Greiner HA Alikhani J Hamedi 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2012,28(7):2601-2608
In this study 97 soil samples from different soil ecosystems were collected. The initial screening was performed on modified glycerol arginine agar (MGAA) to isolate common actinomycetes and on modified MGA-SE (MMGA-SE) to isolate rare actinomycetes. Sixty-seven isolates potentially producing extracellular phytate-degrading activity were identified. The potential to dephosphorylate phytate was confirmed in liquid culture for 46.3 % of the isolates. 12 strains were selected for a direct determination of their phytate-degrading capacity. The results highlighted that the selected isolates produced extracellular phytate-degrading activity; however their capacity in InsP(6) degradation was different. In addition the fermentation medium had an effect on the extent of phytate degradation. Some enzymatic properties of the phytases from isolate No. 43 and isolate No. 63 were determined after obtaining phytase-enriched samples. The enzymes had maximum phytate-degrading capability at 55 °C and pH 5 (isolate No. 43) and 37 °C and pH 7 (isolates No. 63), respectively. Due to their properties, the phytase of isolate No. 43 behaves like a histidine acid phytase, whereas the phytase of No. 63 showed similar enzymatic properties to the phytase of lily. To our knowledge, the results from this study demonstrated for the first time that actinomycetes produce extracellular phytate-degrading activity. By 16SrRNA sequencing, the more closely studied phytase producers were identified as Streptomyces sp. Isolate No. 43 showed 98 % identity to Streptomyces alboniger and S. venezuelae, while isolate No. 63 exhibited 98 % sequence identity to S. ambofaciens and S. lienomycini. 相似文献
6.
Todd DJ Forsberg EM Greiner DL Mordes JP Rossini AA Bortell R 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2004,172(9):5356-5362
Defects in the intestinal immune system may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Intraepithelial lymphocytes represent a substantial fraction of gut-associated lymphocytes, but their function in mucosal immunity is unclear. A newly described population of NK cells that spontaneously secrete IL-4 and IFN-gamma is present in the intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment of the rat. We hypothesized that defects in the number or function of these cells would be present in rats susceptible to autoimmunity. We report that the number of NKR-P1A(+)CD3(-) intraepithelial NK (IENK) cells is deficient before onset of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in diabetes-prone BB (BBDP) rats. The absolute number of recoverable IENK cells was only approximately 8% of that observed in WF rats. Bone marrow transplantation from histocompatible WF donors reversed the IENK cell deficiency (and prevented diabetes) in these animals, suggesting a hemopoietic origin for their IENK cell defect. Analysis of diabetes-resistant BB rats, which develop autoimmune diabetes only after perturbation of the immune system, revealed IENK cell numbers intermediate between that of BBDP and WF rats. IENK cells were selectively depleted during treatment to induce diabetes. Prediabetic BBDP and diabetes-resistant BB animals also exhibited defective IENK cell function, including decreased NK cell cytotoxicity and reduced secretion of IL-4 and IFN-gamma. IENK functional defects were also observed in LEW and BN rats, which are susceptible to induced autoimmunity, but not in WF, DA, or F344 rats, which are resistant. Defects in IENK cell number and function may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes. 相似文献
7.
Experimental autoallergic sialadenitis in the LEW rat. I. Parameters of disease induction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
L S Cutler D Rozenski J Coolens J Rozing M Angelillo A L Wayne K M Fitzgerald D L Greiner 《Cellular immunology》1991,135(2):335-345
Experimental autoallergic sialadenitis (EAS) is an autoimmune mononuclear cell infiltration of the submandibular salivary gland that results in tissue destruction and glandular dysfunction. A previous report has described an animal model of induced EAS in LEW rats following sensitization with allogeneic WF submandibular gland (SMG). The present study extends this observation to an EAS disease model induced following sensitization of LEW rats with syngeneic LEW SMG. Furthermore, we describe the characterization of the mononuclear cells in the glandular infiltrates, evaluate the production of autoantibodies, and establish the parameters important for reproducible induction of EAS. Our results demonstrate that EAS can be induced in a completely syngeneic system and the histopathology of disease induction in the syngeneic and allogeneic model systems is similar. Helper/inducer (CD4+) and suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cell subsets are the dominant cell types in the salivary mononuclear cell infiltrate. An anti-duct autoantibody was found in the serum of virtually all LEW rats with EAS. Although closely associated with disease development, the presence of this antibody was not a prerequisite for development of histopathologic disease. Induction of disease in both the syngeneic and allogeneic models of EAS is dependent upon administration of Bordetella pertussis at the time of sensitization. Finally, the histopathology of the cellular infiltrates in both the allogeneic and syngeneic models of EAS resemble those observed in the salivary tissues of Sj?gren's patients. While there are several differences between EAS in the LEW rat and the full expression of Sj?gren's syndrome, EAS may serve as a model to study the salivary gland component of this complex human disease. 相似文献
8.
Using a combination of high-performance ion chromatography analysis and kinetic studies, the stereospecificity of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate dephosphorylation by the phytate-degrading enzyme P2 of Escherichia coli was established. High-performance ion chromatography revealed that the phytate-degrading enzyme P2 of E. coli degrades myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by stepwise dephosphorylation via D/L-Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P(5), D/L-Ins(2,3,4,5)P(4), D/L-Ins(2,4,5)P(3) or D/L-Ins(1,2,4)P(3), D/L-Ins(1,2)P(2) or Ins(2, 5)P(2) or D/L-Ins(4,5)P(2) to finally Ins(2)P or Ins(5)P. Kinetic parameters for myo-inositol pentakisphosphate hydrolysis by E. coli and wheat phytase, respectively, showed that the myo-inositol pentakisphosphate intermediate produced either by the phytate-degrading enzyme of wheat or E. coli are not identical. The absolute configuration of the myo-inositol pentakisphosphate isomer produced by the E. coli enzyme was determined by taking into consideration that wheat phytase produces predominantly the D-Ins(1, 2,3,5,6)P(5) isomer (Lim, P.E., Tate, M.E., 1973. The phytases: II. Properties of phytase fraction F(1) and F(2) from wheat bran and the myo-inositol phosphates produced by fraction F(2). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 302, 326-328). The data demonstrate that the phytate-degrading enzyme P2 of E. coli dephosphorylates myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in a stereospecific way by sequential removal of phosphate groups via D-Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P(5), D-Ins(2,3,4,5)P(4), D-Ins(2,4,5)P(3), Ins(2,5)P(2) to finally Ins(2)P (notation 6/1/3/4/5). 相似文献
9.
10.