Ichtyotoxic activity of extracts from Mexican marine macroalgae

Seventy-three species of macroalgae from the Mexican Pacific, Atlantic and Caribbean coast were screened for ichtyotoxic activity. Ethanolic, acetonic and aqueous extracts were prepared and tested against the fish Carassius auratus. The extracts were classified on the basis of their effects as: toxic if the fish died in two hours or less; moderately toxic, if the organism behaved abnormally but death did notoccur, and non-toxic if the fish did not display any change. 79% species were ichtyotoxic to some degree. Extracts of 39 species were toxic, with at least one extract with lethal effects, 19 were moderately toxic and 15 species were non-toxic. Only the extracts ofDictyota bartayresiana, Dictyota cervicornis,Lobophora variegata, Bryothamnion triquetrum and Laurencia obtusa were toxic in all three solvents. The acetone and ethanol extracts were more active, and therefore are more suitable for extraction of toxic substances. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Induction of spherule formation in Physarum polycephalum by polyols

A method has been developed for inducing spherule formation (spherulation) in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum by transferring the culture to synthetic medium containing 0.5 m mannitol or other polyols. This morphogenetic process occurred within 12 to 35 hr after the inducer was added. The mature spherules existed as distinct morphogenetic units, in contrast to the clusters of spherules formed during starvation. Ninety per cent of the spherules germinated by 24 hr in synthetic medium. The changes in the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and protein during plasmodial growth, spherulation, and germination of spherules are described. When spherule formation was completed, RNA, protein, and DNA decreased, compared with the values at the beginning of the conversion. The incorporation of (3)H-uridine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was different in each of these periods, and this incorporation was sensitive to actinomycin D. The amount of glycogen increased during growth, whereas it decreased during spherulation. (14)C-glucose could be taken up by the cells in the presence of the inducer, and mannitol could not replace glucose as a source of energy. The mode of action of mannitol and its mechanism of induction are discussed.     

Helicobacter pylori induces an increase in inositol phosphates in cultured epithelial cells

Abstract Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen of humans that infects the gastric mucosa. This infection has been associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric carcinomas. Diverse in vitro studies have described efficient adherence of H. pylori to different types of epithelial cells. Because of its varied effects on host cells, we have analysed signal transduction events in H. pyfori -infected epithelial cells. Our results show that H. pylori induces an increase in inositol phosphates in all cultured epithelial cells used, including HeLa, Henle 407, Hep-2, and the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS. Bacterial growth medium supernatants induce a similar response in the host cell. The increase in inositol phosphates is not related to redistribution of cytoskeletal proteins such as actin or α-actinin nor tyrosine-phosphorylation of host cell proteins. The inositol phosphate increase is also observed in cells infected with low or non-adherent H. pylori mutants or mutants defective in the vacuolating toxin or urease holoenzyme. These results indicate that inositol phosphate release in H. pytori -infected cells is not dependent on bacterial adherence, and that a soluble bacterial factor, but not the vacuolating toxin or urease holoenzyme, mediates such an effect.     

Processing of SP1 precursor in a cell-free system from poly(A+) mRNA of human placenta

Cell-free translation of polyadenylated mRNA from human term placenta in a wheat germ extract, after immunoprecipitation with antibodies directed against purified pregnant serum SP₁, yielded a single polypeptide of 31 kDa. Addition of dog pancreatic microsomal vesicles to the translation system resulted in the appearance of two polypeptides, one of them of 46 kDa and the other of 28 kDa. Both polypeptides were protected from limited proteolysis and when the assay was performed with lytic detergent concentrations in addition to proteases, this protection was abolished indicating that the polypeptides were segregated into the microsomal vesicles. The cleavage of a signal peptide of 3 kDa from the 31 kDa primary translation product gives rise to 28 kDa and accounts for the slight increase in electrophoretic mobility. The treatment of the immunoprecipitated products with Endoglycosidase H and -mannosidase, suggested that only the 46 kDa polypeptide is a glycoprotein.From the results obtained we conclude that SP₁ is synthesized and processed to a glycoprotein of 46 kDa which would be a protomeric form of the oligomers reported in pregnant serum by other authors.Abbreviations PMSF phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride - TCA trichloroacetic acid - DTT dithiotreitol     

Effect of Drying Medium on Residual Moisture Content and Viability of Freeze-Dried Lactic Acid Bacteria

The effect of various substances on the relationship between residual moisture content and the viability of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria has been studied. Compounds such as polymers, which display considerable ability in displacing water, showed no protective action during freeze-drying. Adonitol, on the other hand, produced the smallest change in water content at various times during drying and allowed the highest rate of survival.     

Activity of some enzymes in Physarum polycephalum

Summary The activity levels of seven enzymes were studied in growing plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. The enzymes were isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, -glucosidase, and histidase. Six of the enzymes showed a continuous increase in activity during the mitotic cycle; glutamate dehydrogenase exhibited a stepwise increase about 5 h after mitosis. Cycloheximide immediately inhibited the activity of all enzymes. Actinomycin D was ineffective in inhibiting enzyme activity until after one mitotic cycle had been completed; this indicates that mRNA was stable for all of these enzymes during the G2 period. Attempts to induce enzyme activity were unsuccessful.

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Zusammenfassung Der Aktivitätsverlauf von sieben Enzymen wurde in wachsenden Plasmodien von Physarum polycephalum untersucht. Es handelte sich um die Enzyme: Isocitrat-Dehydrogenase, Glucose-6-Phosphat-Dehydrogenase, Glutamat-Dehydrogenase, saure Phosphatase, Phosphodiesterase, -Glucosidase und Histidase. Sechs dieser Enzyme wiesen einen kontinuierlichen Aktivitätsanstieg während des Mitosecyclus auf; Glutamat-Dehydrogenase zeigte einen stufenförmigen Anstieg etwa 5 Std nach der Kernteilung. Cycloheximid hemmte sofort die Aktivität der Enzyme, während Actinomycin D erst nach Ablauf eines halben Teilungscyclus inhibierend wirkte. Dies deutet auf eine relativ stabile mRNA hin. Versuche, die Aktivität zu induzieren, schlugen fehl.

     

Phenylketonuria—Experience at One Center in the First Year of Screening in California

One year''s experience with phenylketonuria during the calendar year 1966, the first year for compulsory newborn screening in California, was reviewed. The over-all prevalence rate from reported cases in California during this period was one case per 19,500 persons tested. Fifty-seven persons suspected of having pku were evaluated, and 25 of them were determined to be phenylketonuric. Eleven of the 25 were infants in whom the abnormality was detected through the newborn screening program or because it was detected in a sibling through a screening program. All the newborn phenylketonuric patients were developing normally at the time of last report (although the follow-up periods were short).In nine of the other children, pku was detected because they were retarded. Five retarded children who were diagnosed as phenylketonuric at another clinic were given dietary assistance.Five additional infants had elevated serum phenylalanines but did not have the classic biochemical findings of pku and are being evaluated further. Nine infants with positive screening tests exhibited biochemical and clinical findings consistent with transient tyrosinemia. Eighteen other children were evaluated and found to have no metabolic abnormality.The newborn screening program for pku is of decided benefit in early identification of a group of infants who have a high rate of potentially serious metabolic disease. Early identification permits treatment soon enough to prevent mental retardation. Newly identified patients should be evaluated in a medical setting capable of careful pediatric, biochemical and nutritional surveillance.     

Complete sequence of a new HLA-B35 allele found in a tribe of Mapuche Indians in the south of Argentina

The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank nucleotide sequence database and have been assigned the accession number U17107. The nameB*3509 was officially assigned by the WHO Nomenclature Committee in December 1994     

A rapid urease test for presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans

A rapid method to evidence urease activity is described. Urea hydrolysis and consequent production ammonia are detected by a chemical reaction producing a blue phenol compound (indophenol blue). Three hundred and three yeast were tested. Out of 107 urease-positive organisms detected by Christensen's Urea Agar Test (CUAT) 102 were positive by our method. No false negatives were observed by this method when testing 87 Cryptococcus strains. Ths practical screening test for presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans is simple, unaffected by pH changes and requires 15 minutes to be performed.