Structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha by aphidicolin derivatives.

Aphidicolin and 17 derivatives that have been structurally modified in the A- and D-rings were assessed for their ability to inhibit DNA polymerase alpha. No derivative surpassed the activity of aphidicolin; derivatives with structural alterations in the A-ring exhibited significantly greater loss of activity relative to derivatives with structural alterations in the D-ring. The conclusions of these studies indicate a critical role for the C-18 function in the interaction of aphidicolin with polymerase alpha. Molecular modelling studies could not identify structural features of the aphidicolin-dCTP "overlap" that is unique to dCTP, relative to the remaining dNTPs, and that is consistent with the extant structure-activity data.     

In situ hybridization of semithin Epon sections with BrdU labelled oligonucleotide probes

Summary We recently described a nonradioactive method for in situ hybridization with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelled oligonucleotide probes. An antibody to BrdU and immunocytochemistry were used in order to detect the hybridization signal. We have now applied this method to semithin Epon sections, in order to hybridize consecutive sections through single cells with different probes and to stain them with antibodies to neuropeptides. It could be shown that Epon embedding preserves mRNA well. In the present study we used a BrdU labelled synthetic oligonucleotide probe complementary to a fragment of the vasopressin precursor and an antibody to Arg-vasopressin. Vasopressin mRNA was demonstrable in a fraction of the vasopressin immunoreactive neurons in the magnocellular nuclei. In addition some of the magnocellular neurons showed either hybridization or vasopressin immunostaining only, perhaps indicating different stages of synthetic and secretory activity. The method described seems to be a valuable tool for studying synthetic activity in peptidergic neurons on a single cell level. The method might also have potential for in situ hybridization on the electronmicroscopical level.     

Oriented Embedding of Biological Materials and Accurate Localization for Ultrathin Sectioning

Gelatin capsules with rounded ends clipped off and open ends moistened, affixed to a glass slide and sealed with a 15% gelatin solution are used to embed blocks of tissue in plastic. The surface of the slide serves as an orientation plane for structures of the tissue. The plane end of capsules of polymerized plastic containing no tissue is used in embedding frozen tissue sections. The plastic-infiltrated section is flattened against the capsule end under the weight of a 3/4 inch square of plate glass so that larger sections may be cut and surveyed. Embedding cultured cell monolayers grown on coverslips is accomplished in a comparable manner, but the square of plate glass is not needed as a weight. Block-face localization methods depend on the type of material embedded. With blocks of tissue it is achieved by moistening the face with xylene to develop relief. Thin tissue sections are examined by transmitted light, while cell monolayers are stained on the capsule end with methylene blue.     

The Ultramicrotome Superstage: A Versatile Aid for Section Manipulation

The design and properties of a rigid, box-like device to be placed on the knife stage of a Porter-Blum MT-2 ultramicrotome are described. This “superstage” acts as a hand and tool rest, and a wind screen for the knife boat. The superstage easily permits tight rafts of ultrathin sections to be centrally located on grids. Additionally, it aids in placing 1 μm thick sections at the same relative location on glass slides to facilitate their examination in the light microscope.     

A ‘Problematic fossil’ revealed:Pycnoporidium ? eomesozoicum Flügel, 1972 (Late Triassic,Tethys)—not an enigmatic alga but a strophomenid brachiopod (Gosaukammerella n.g.)

Summary The microproblematicumPycnoporidium ? eomesozoicum Flügel, 1972, from Upper Triassic reefs of the Alpine-Mediterranean region, Turkey Oman and Iran (originally interpreted as possible alga) represents the type species of a new strophomenid brachiopod genus (Gosaukammerella n.g.). The genus is characterized by a very small, millimeter-sized plano-convex shell, whose ventral valve is attached to the substratum (mainly sponges) by symmetrically arranged outgrowths developing from a pseudopunctate, lamellose foliated shell wall and composed of densely spaced subparallel ‘tubes’ comparable with productide spines secreted by papillose extensions of the mantle.Gosaukammerella seems to be the only reliable candidate for the existence of post-Paleozoic strophomenid (productid ?) brachiopods. Gosaukammerella eomesozoica is restricted to possibly cryptic, shaded reef environments inhabited predominantly by sponges serving as substrates for micromorphic brachiopods.     

Intercellular junctions in the uterine epithelium of Salamandra salamandra (L.) (Amphibia,Urodela)

Summary Intercellular junctions in the uterine epithelium of the ovoviviparous urodele Salamandra salamandra were studied in pregnant and non-pregnant females by freeze-fracture technique. Junctional complexes consist of zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) and numerous maculae adhaerentes (desmosomes); z. adhaerentes and nexuses (gap junctions) could not be identified. Tight junctions are of the flexible type exhibiting loosely interconnected fibrils. The fibrillary network appears stretched more often in pregnant females possibly due to the mechanical stress of pregnancy. The structure and occurrence of the junctions identified, especially that of the tight junctions, is discussed with regard to the functions of the uterus during pregnancy.Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Gefrierbruchtechnik wurden im Uterus-epithel trächtiger und nichtträchtiger Feuersalamanderweibchen (Salamandra salamandra) Zonulae occludentes und Maculae adhaerentes, jedoch keine Z. adhaerentes sowie Nexus identifiziert. Die Z. occludentes sind flexibel. Ihr fibrilläres Netzwerk ist bei trächtigen Weibchen öfter gestreckt; das ist möglicherweise auf die stärkere Ausdehnung des Uterusgewebes während der Trächtigkeit zurückzuführen. Das Vorkommen der verschiedenen Kontakt-strukturen, namentlich das der Z. occludentes, wird im Hinblick auf die Funktionen des Uterus während der Trächtigkeit diskutiert.We are indebted to Mrs. K. Ott for excellent technical assistance and to Miss Dr. U. Beigel for linguistic help     

Optimized Transection: A Prelude to Oriented Sectioning

A technique is described which permits blocks of tissue to be flat-embedded in euhedral plastic castings and then to be transected along a plane so that sections may be cut which are optimally oriented to the internal ultrastructure of the block. In the transection procedure a hollow plastic cylinder is placed on the specimen trimming block. The cylinder's top prescribes a plane to which the tissue block is accurately oriented and clamped at a predetermined level. Two hand files and a burnisher are worked across the cylinder's top to 1) remove extraneous material above the plane of transection, 2) expose the tissue for sectioning and 3) smooth the block face. The clear plastic at the periphery of the exposed tissue is then easily trimmed away with a razor blade. The result is a block face with a flat, reflective surface which may be quickly aligned to the knife on the ultramicrotome. The effort needed to transect, align and face the block is minimal and 1-micron or semithin sections produced will be precisely parallel to, and at, the plane of transection. Dust produced by the transection procedure is easily eliminated from the work area by use of a small disposable vacuum cleaner. The technique of producing optimally oriented light microscope sections, using the transector, is enhanced by application of solvents to the block face which cause it to develop a temporary low relief, exactly matching the structural detail of sections cut from the block face. Areas of interest can be accurately located and isolated on the block face, using only a hand-held razor blade, so that oriented ultrathin sections of important regions can be routinely cut and examined in the electron microscope.     

Innervation of the synovial membrane of the cats joint capsule

Summary Results of investigations on the occurrence of nerve fibres and endings in the synovial membrane of the knee and elbow joint in the cat are reported. The stratum synoviale contains only autonomic fibres, running in the adventitia of arteries.Free nerve endings are lacking in the stratum synoviale. Simple Pacinian corpuscles with an inner core are occasionally observed in the border zone between the stratum synoviale and fibrosum. The ultrastructure of these endorgans resembles that of Pacinian corpuscles in the hairless and hairy skin of the cat.