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1.
Are we able to infer what happened to a person from a brief sample of his/her behaviour? It has been proposed that mentalising skills can be used to retrodict as well as predict behaviour, that is, to determine what mental states of a target have already occurred. The current study aimed to develop a paradigm to explore these processes, which takes into account the intricacies of real-life situations in which reasoning about mental states, as embodied in behaviour, may be utilised. A novel task was devised which involved observing subtle and naturalistic reactions of others in order to determine the event that had previously taken place. Thirty-five participants viewed videos of real individuals reacting to the researcher behaving in one of four possible ways, and were asked to judge which of the four ‘scenarios’ they thought the individual was responding to. Their eye movements were recorded to establish the visual strategies used. Participants were able to deduce successfully from a small sample of behaviour which scenario had previously occurred. Surprisingly, looking at the eye region was associated with poorer identification of the scenarios, and eye movement strategy varied depending on the event experienced by the person in the video. This suggests people flexibly deploy their attention using a retrodictive mindreading process to infer events. 相似文献
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Summary Using an aeroscope, airborne fungal spores were sampled for two years, 1987–1988 at Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India. The aerospora components, their seasonal and annual variations in incidence in the air are discussed and a spore calendar for Tiruchirapalli is presented. 相似文献
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Vasant Chellappa Kendra N. Taylor Kathryn Pedrick Carlos Donado Ilka Arun Netravali Khaleda Haider Annaiah Cariappa Natasha F. Dalomba Shiv Pillai 《PloS one》2013,8(1)
Catalytically defective rare variants of Sialic acid Acetyl Esterase (SIAE) have previously been linked to autoimmunity. Studies presented here confirm that the M89V SIAE protein and all other products of common variant alleles of SIAE are catalytically normal. Although overexpressing transfected non-lymphoid cells secrete small amounts of SIAE that can associate with the cell surface, normal human lymphocytes do not exhibit cell surface SIAE, supporting genetic evidence in mice that indicates that this protein functions in a lymphocyte intrinsic manner. Analyses of the plasma proteome also indicate that SIAE is not secreted in vivo. A re-analysis exclusively of catalytically defective rare variant alleles of SIAE in subjects in which this gene was completely sequenced confirmed an association of SIAE with autoimmunity. A subset of catalytically defective rare variant SIAE alleles has previously been typed in a large genotyping study comparing a diverse group of disease subjects and controls; our re-analysis of this data shows that catalytically defective alleles are enriched in disease subjects. These data suggest that SIAE may be associated with autoimmunity and that further study of catalytically defective rare variant SIAE alleles in terms of autoimmune disease susceptibility is strongly warranted. 相似文献
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Thiol protease and cathepsin D activities in selected tissues and cultured cells from normal and dystrophic mice 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
P Gopalan M J Dufresne A H Warner 《Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology》1987,65(2):124-129
Thiol protease and cathepsin D activities were studied in extracts from hindlimb muscle of 60-day-old normal and dystrophic mice, strain 129 ReJ, and from cultured normal and dystrophic cells. Total thiol protease activity in dystrophic muscle extracts was 3.5 times higher than in normal muscle extracts, while cathepsin D, activity was 2.2 times greater in dystrophic muscle compared with normal muscle. Activation (pH 4.5, 30 degrees C) of latent thiol protease activity in extracts of muscle occurred concomitant with the inactivation or dissociation of endogenous protease inhibitors. Thiol protease assays revealed a higher ratio of active to inactive protease activity in extracts from dystrophic muscle than from normal muscle. Cultured myoblasts (L69/1) were found to contain 30-fold more thiol protease(s) and 6-fold more cathepsin D activity than whole muscle. Cells established from dystrophic muscle and grown in culture for periods up to 6 months were more responsive to thiol protease activation conditions than similar cultures derived from normal muscle. From data on the rate and extent of thiol protease activation in extracts from dystrophic cells and hindlimb muscle compared with normal tissue, it appears that cells and tissues from dystrophic mice contain a lower level of protease inhibitors than cells and tissues from normal mice. 相似文献
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The influence of growth temperature, media composition and cell age on the chemical composition of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain AN 002 has been determined. The total cellular protein decreased and the free amino acid content increased with growth temperature, in both exponential and stationary growth phase. The protein and free amino acid contents of cells were higher in the stationary phase than in the exponential phase, irrespective of growth temperature and media composition. The RNA content was only reduced in cells grown at 55° C. No significant variations were observed in the DNA and carbohydrate contents with respect to growth temperature and cell age. The total lipid and fatty acid compositions on the other hand varied as a function of growth temperature, cell age and media composition. Differences in the relative concentrations of even, odd and branched chain fatty acids were noticed. Novariation was observed in the antiiso and unsaturated fatty acids with respect to growth temperature. The unique variations in the fatty acid composition and total lipids at the growth temperature of 50° C and their variations in the stationary growth phase seem to be characteristic for B. stearothermophilus AN 002. 相似文献
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Three classes of signalling molecules on B-cell membranes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R B Corley N J LoCascio M Ovnic L W Arnold P S Pillai D W Scott G Haughton 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》1985,27(1):1-12
The question of whether surface immunoglobulin and Ia molecules have a signalling function in helper T cell-dependent activation of B cells has been evaluated. Two sources of B cells have been used, one a purified population of hapten-binding B cells, the other a B-cell lymphoma, CH12, with known antigen specificity. Evidence is presented that both immunoglobulin and Ia molecules are receptors actively involved in the initial activation of resting B cells. Nevertheless, the requirements for ligand binding to either receptor can be bypassed under appropriate conditions, and the implications of this result for the function of these molecules is discussed. With respect to B-cell Ia, the authors present data that demonstrate two distinct functions of this molecule, one as a restricting element for T-cell activation, the second as a signalling receptor for B-cell excitation. On the CH12 surface, the I-A molecule fulfills the former function, but T-cell interactions with I-A fail to result in B-cell stimulation, suggesting that B-cell Ia may limit helper T cell-B cell interactions. We suggest that the binding of antigen surface immunoglobulin and binding of helper T-cell receptors to the appropriate Ia molecule(s) results in the activation of genes that encode for a third class of membrane B-cell receptors, those that bind B-cell stimulating factors. 相似文献
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Summary Good yields of crystal/spores and larvicidal activity were obtained whenBacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis was grown in coconut water and endosperm extracts. Coconut water contained 2.2 mg protein/ml, while the endosperm extracts contained 1–4 mg protein/ml extract. The carbohydrate content of the media ranged from 6–38.4 mg/ml.
Resumen Utilización de desechos de coco para la producción de Bacillus thuringiensisvar. israelensis Agua de coco y extractos de endosperma se han utilizado para el cultivo deBacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis obteniendo un buen rendimiento en cristales/esporas y una buena actividad larvicida. El agua de coco contenía 2.2 mg de proteína/ml y los extractos de endosperma 1–4 mg/protei'na/ml de extracto. El contenido en hidratos de carbono de los medios utilizados varió entre 6–38.4 mg/ml.
Résumé Utilisation des déchets de noix de coco pour la production de Bacillus thurigiensisvar. israelensisDe bons rendements en cristaux, spores et activité larvicide ont été obtenus en cultivantBacillus thurigiensis var.israelensis dans l'eau et les extraits endospermiques de noix de coco. L'eau des noix contient 2,2 mg de protéines/ml et les extraits d'endosperme 1–4 mg. La teneur des milieux en carbohydrates était comprise entre 6–38,4 mg/ml.相似文献
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