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1.
Stephen GS Vreden Jeetendra K Jitan Rakesh D Bansie Malti R Adhin 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(8):968-973
The emerging resistance to artemisinin derivatives that has been reported in
South-East Asia led us to assess the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine as the first
line therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in
Suriname. This drug assessment was performed according to the recommendations of the
World Health Organization in 2011. The decreasing number of malaria cases in
Suriname, which are currently limited to migrating populations and gold miners,
precludes any conclusions on artemether efficacy because adequate numbers of patients
with 28-day follow-up data are difficult to obtain. Therefore, a comparison of day 3
parasitaemia in a 2011 study and in a 2005/2006 study was used to detect the
emergence of resistance to artemether. The prevalence of day 3 parasitaemia was
assessed in a study in 2011 and was compared to that in a study in 2005/2006. The
same protocol was used in both studies and artemether-lumefantrine was the study
drug. Of 48 evaluable patients in 2011, 15 (31%) still had parasitaemia on day 3
compared to one (2%) out of 45 evaluable patients in 2005/2006. Overall, 11 evaluable
patients in the 2011 study who were followed up until day 28 had negative slides and
similar findings were obtained in all 38 evaluable patients in the 2005/2006 study.
The significantly increased incidence of parasite persistence on day 3 may be an
indication of emerging resistance to artemether. 相似文献
2.
de Jager MW Gooris GS Dolbnya IP Bras W Ponec M Bouwstra JA 《Chemistry and physics of lipids》2003,124(2):123-134
The lipid lamellae present in the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), form the main barrier for diffusion of molecules across the skin. The main lipid classes in SC are cholesterol (CHOL), free fatty acids (FFA) and at least nine classes of ceramides (CER), referred to as CER1 to CER9. In the present study the phase behaviour of four synthetic CER, either single or mixed with CHOL or CHOL and FFA, has been studied using small and wide angle X-ray diffraction. The lipid mixtures showed complex phase behaviour with coexistence of several phases. The results further revealed that the presence of synthetic CER1 as well as a proper composition of the other CER in the mixture were crucial for the formation of a phase with a long periodicity, characteristic for SC lipid phase behaviour. Only a mixture containing synthetic CER1 and CER3, CHOL and FFA showed similar phase behaviour to that of SC. 相似文献
3.
Kumaran Sivagnanam Vijaya GS Raghavan Manesh Shah Robert L Hettich Nathan C Verberkmoes Mark G Lefsrud 《Proteome science》2011,9(1):1-14
Background
Cytokinin is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in several processes of plant growth and development. In recent years, major breakthroughs have been achieved in the elucidation of the metabolism, the signal perception and transduction, as well as the biological functions of cytokinin. An important activity of cytokinin is the involvement in chloroplast development and function. Although this biological function has already been known for 50 years, the exact mechanisms remain elusive.Results
To elucidate the effects of altered endogenous cytokinin content on the structure and function of the chloroplasts, chloroplast subfractions (stroma and thylakoids) from transgenic Pssu-ipt and 35S:CKX1 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants with, respectively, elevated and reduced endogenous cytokinin content were analysed using two different 2-DE approaches. Firstly, thykaloids were analysed by blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by SDS-PAGE (BN/SDS-PAGE). Image analysis of the gel spot pattern thus obtained from thylakoids showed no substantial differences between wild-type and transgenic tobacco plants. Secondly, a quantitative DIGE analysis of CHAPS soluble proteins derived from chloroplast subfractions indicated significant gel spot abundance differences in the stroma fraction. Upon identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, these proteins could be assigned to the Calvin-Benson cycle and photoprotective mechanisms.Conclusion
Taken together, presented proteomic data reveal that the constitutively altered cytokinin status of transgenic plants does not result in any qualitative changes in either stroma proteins or protein complexes of thylakoid membranes of fully developed chloroplasts, while few but significant quantitative differences are observed in stroma proteins. 相似文献4.
Michelle Janssens Jeroen van Smeden Gert S. Gooris Wim Bras Guiseppe Portale Peter J. Caspers Rob J. Vreeken Thomas Hankemeier Sanja Kezic Ron Wolterbeek Adriana P. Lavrijsen Joke A. Bouwstra 《Journal of lipid research》2012,53(12):2755-2766
A hallmark of atopic eczema (AE) is skin barrier dysfunction. Lipids in the stratum corneum (SC), primarily ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol, are crucial for the barrier function, but their role in relation to AE is indistinct. Filaggrin is an epithelial barrier protein with a central role in the pathogenesis of AE. Nevertheless, the precise causes of AE-associated barrier dysfunction are largely unknown. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of ceramide composition and lipid organization in nonlesional SC of AE patients and control subjects was performed by means of mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, the skin barrier and clinical state of the disease were examined. The level of ceramides with an extreme short chain length is drastically increased in SC of AE patients, which leads to an aberrant lipid organization and a decreased skin barrier function. Changes in SC lipid properties correlate with disease severity but are independent of filaggrin mutations. We demonstrate for the first time that changes in ceramide chain length and lipid organization are directly correlated with the skin barrier defects in nonlesional skin of AE patients. We envisage that these insights will provide a new therapeutic entry in therapy and prevention of AE. 相似文献
5.
Thiago?GazoniEmail author Simone?L?Gruber Ana?PZ?Silva Olivia?GS?Araújo Hideki?Narimatsu Christine?Strüssmann Célio?FB?Haddad Sanae?Kasahara 《BMC genetics》2012,13(1):109
Background
The karyotypes of Leptodactylus species usually consist of 22 bi-armed chromosomes, but morphological variations in some chromosomes and even differences in the 2n have been reported. To better understand the mechanisms responsible for these differences, eight species were analysed using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques, including replication banding with BrdU incorporation.Results
Distinct chromosome numbers were found: 2n = 22 in Leptodactylus chaquensis, L. labyrinthicus, L. pentadactylus, L. petersii, L. podicipinus, and L. rhodomystax; 2n = 20 in Leptodactylus sp. (aff. podicipinus); and 2n = 24 in L. marmoratus. Among the species with 2n = 22, only three had the same basic karyotype. Leptodactylus pentadactylus presented multiple translocations, L. petersii displayed chromosome morphological discrepancy, and L. podicipinus had four pairs of telocentric chromosomes. Replication banding was crucial for characterising this variability and for explaining the reduced 2n in Leptodactylus sp. (aff. podicipinus). Leptodactylus marmoratus had few chromosomes with a similar banding patterns to the 2n = 22 karyotypes. The majority of the species presented a single NOR-bearing pair, which was confirmed using Ag-impregnation and FISH with an rDNA probe. In general, the NOR-bearing chromosomes corresponded to chromosome 8, but NORs were found on chromosome 3 or 4 in some species. Leptodactylus marmoratus had NORs on chromosome pairs 6 and 8. The data from C-banding, fluorochrome staining, and FISH using the telomeric probe helped in characterising the repetitive sequences. Even though hybridisation did occur on the chromosome ends, telomere-like repetitive sequences outside of the telomere region were identified. Metaphase I cells from L. pentadactylus confirmed its complex karyotype constitution because 12 chromosomes appeared as ring-shaped chain in addition to five bivalents.Conclusions
Species of Leptodactylus exhibited both major and minor karyotypic differences which were identified by classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Replication banding, which is a unique procedure that has been used to obtain longitudinal multiple band patterns in amphibian chromosomes, allowed us to outline the general mechanisms responsible for these karyotype differences. The findings also suggested that L. marmoratus, which was formerly included in the genus Adenomera, may have undergone great chromosomal repatterning.6.
L-Lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH, E.C. 1.1.1.27) is encoded by two or three
loci in all vertebrates examined, with the exception of lampreys, which
have a single LDH locus. Biochemical characterizations of LDH proteins have
suggested that a gene duplication early in vertebrate evolution gave rise
to Ldh-A and Ldh-B and that an additional locus, Ldh-C arose in a number of
lineages more recently. Although some phylogenetic studies of LDH protein
sequences have supported this pattern of gene duplication, others have
contradicted it. In particular, a number of studies have suggested that
Ldh-C represents the earliest divergence among vertebrate LDHs and that it
may have diverged from the other loci well before the origin of
vertebrates. Such hypotheses make explicit statements about the
relationship of vertebrate and invertebrate LDHs, but to date, no closely
related invertebrate LDH sequences have been available for comparison. We
have attempted to provide further data on the timing of gene duplications
leading to multiple vertebrate LDHs by determining the cDNA sequence of the
LDH of the tunicate Styela plicata. Phylogenetic analyses of this and other
LDH sequences provide strong support for the duplications giving rise to
multiple vertebrate LDHs having occurred after vertebrates diverged from
tunicates. The timing of these LDH duplications is consistent with data
from a number of other gene families suggesting widespread gene duplication
near the origin of vertebrates. With respect to the relationships among
vertebrate LDHs, our data are not consistent with previous claims that
Ldh-C represented the earliest divergence. However, the precise
relationships among some of the main lineages of vertebrate LDHs were not
resolved in our analyses.
相似文献
7.
The lipid regions in the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) form the main barrier for diffusion of substances through the skin. In this layer the main lipid classes are ceramides, cholesterol (CHOL), and FFA. Previous studies revealed a coexistence of two crystalline lamellar phases with periodicities of approximately 13 nm (referred to as long periodicity phase) and 6 nm (short periodicity phase). Additional studies showed that lipid mixtures prepared with isolated pig ceramides (pigCER) mimic lipid phase behavior in stratum corneum closely. Because the molecular structure of pigCER differs in some important aspects from that of human ceramides (HCER), in the present study the phase behavior of mixtures prepared with HCER has been examined. Phase behavior studies of mixtures based on HCER revealed that in CHOL:HCER mixtures the long periodicity phase dominates. In the absence of HCER1 the short periodicity phase is dominant. Addition of FFA promotes the formation of the short periodicity phase and induces a transition from a hexagonal sublattice to an orthorhombic sublattice. Furthermore, the presence of FFA promotes the formation of a liquid phase. Finally, cholesterol sulfate, a minor but important lipid in the stratum corneum, reduces the amount of cholesterol that phase separates in crystalline domains. From these observations it can be concluded that the phase behavior of mixtures prepared from HCER differs in some important aspects from that prepared from pigCER. The most prevalent differences are the following: i) the addition of FFA promotes the formation of the short periodicity phase; and ii) liquid lateral packing is obviously present in CHOL:HCER:FFA mixtures. These changes in phase behavior might be due to a larger amount of linoleic acid moiety in HCER mixtures compared with that in pigCER mixtures. 相似文献
8.
The outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), comprises the main barrier function between body and environment. The SC features a highly structured lipid organization: a short periodicity phase and a long periodicity phase (LPP) with a repeat distance of 6 and 13 nm, respectively. Like SC, vernix caseosa (VC), the creamy white skin-surface biofilm of the newborn, also contains barrier lipids, i.e. ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids. Aim of this study was to investigate whether isolated VC lipids also form the characteristic LPP. Several preparation methods were examined and only when the solution of the lipid mixture, isolated either from VC or SC, was dried under nitrogen at 37 °C and subsequently spread onto a support, the LPP was formed. When VC barrier lipids were first exposed to elevated temperatures and subsequently cooled down, the LPP was formed at around 34 °C, which is at a much lower temperature than observed with the lipids in SC. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that depending on the preparation method, (i) VC lipids also form the LPP and (ii) the LPP in VC lipids and SC lipids was obtained at a low equilibration temperature, mimicking the physiological condition. 相似文献
9.
Groen D Gooris GS Barlow DJ Lawrence MJ van Mechelen JB Demé B Bouwstra JA 《Biophysical journal》2011,(6):1481-1489
The lipid matrix present in the uppermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, plays a crucial role in the skin barrier function. The lipids are organized into two lamellar phases. To gain more insight into the molecular organization of one of these lamellar phases, we performed neutron diffraction studies. In the diffraction pattern, five diffraction orders were observed attributed to a lamellar phase with a repeat distance of 5.4 nm. Using contrast variation, the scattering length density profile could be calculated showing a typical bilayer arrangement. To obtain information on the arrangement of ceramides in the unit cell, a mixture that included a partly deuterated ceramide was also examined. The scattering length density profile of the 5.4-nm phase containing this deuterated ceramide demonstrated a symmetric arrangement of the ceramides with interdigitating acyl chains in the center of the unit cell. 相似文献
10.
de Jager MW Gooris GS Dolbnya IP Bras W Ponec M Bouwstra JA 《Journal of lipid research》2004,45(5):923-932
Lipid lamellae present in the outermost layer of the skin protect the body from uncontrolled water loss. In human stratum corneum (SC), two crystalline lamellar phases are present, which contain mostly cholesterol, free fatty acids, and nine types of free ceramides. Previous studies have demonstrated that the SC lipid organization can be mimicked with model mixtures based on isolated SC lipids. However, those studies are hampered by low availability and high interindividual variability of the native tissue. To elucidate the role of each lipid class in the formation of a competent skin barrier, the use of synthetic lipids would offer an alternative. The small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction results of the present study show for the first time that synthetic lipid mixtures, containing only three synthetic ceramides, reflect to a high extent the SC lipid organization. Both an appropriately chosen preparation method and lipid composition promote the formation of two characteristic lamellar phases with repeat distances similar to those found in native SC. From all synthetic lipid mixtures examined, equimolar mixtures of cholesterol, ceramides, and free fatty acids equilibrated at 80 degrees C resemble to the highest extent the lamellar and lateral SC lipid organization, both at room and increased temperatures. 相似文献