Sequences required for self-catalysed cleavage of the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus

The satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus (sTobRV) undergoes self-catalysed cleavage during replication. A plasmid for in vitro expression of sTobRV has been constructed and used to obtain a library of mutagenized sTobRV sequences. Screening of these mutants has allowed precise definition of the sequences required for (+) and (-) strand cleavage. The sequences and RNA structures associated with cleavage of each strand differ markedly. Cleavage of the (+) strand requires those sequences flanking the site for cleavage to form a 'hammerhead' domain, similar to those found in other satellite and viroid RNA. In contrast, cleavage of the (-) strand requires only a small region of 12 nucleotides (nt) at the site of cleavage, and a sequence of 55 nt positioned elsewhere in the molecule. Comparison with a closely related satellite suggests that a novel RNA structure may be involved in (-) strand cleavage.     

Inactivation of the streptokinase gene prevents Streptococcus equisimilis H46A from acquiring cell-associated plasmin activity in the presence of plasminogen

Abstract The effects of some physico-chemical parameters on production of extracellular α-L-arabinofuranosidase by Aspergillus nidulans were examined. Highest levels of α-L-arabinofuranosidase were generated with cultures grown on 1% (w/v) purified beet pulp arabinan at 30°C and at an initial pH of 7.0. The enzyme was shown to be very sensitive to the action of proteases. Zymogram overlay of a protein profile obtained by SDS-PAGE revealed the occurrence of a band ( M _r 36 000) exhibiting α-L-arabinofuranosidase activity. The isoelectric pH of the enzyme lay near 4.3. Temperature and pH optima for the activity of crude α-L-arabinofuranosidase preparations were 55°C and 5.5, respectively. Enzyme activity was greatly reduced by thiol reagents such as Hg²⁺ and p -hydroxymercuribenzoate and showed a K _m value of 2.7 mM on p -nitrophenyl α-L-arabinofuranoside as substrate.     

An evolutionary conserved mechanism of T cell activation by microbial toxins. Evidence for different affinities of T cell receptor-toxin interaction.

The enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are the most potent mitogens known. They belong to a group of distantly related mitogenic toxins that differ in other biologic activities. In this study we have compared the molecular mechanisms by which these mitogens activate human T lymphocytes. We used the staphylococcal enterotoxins A to E, the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin, the streptococcal erythrogenic toxins A and C (scarlet fever toxins, erythrogenic toxins (ET)A, ETC), and the soluble mitogen produced by Mycoplasma arthritidis. We found that all these toxins can activate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and require MHC class II expression on accessory and target cells. However, T cells could be activated in the absence of class II molecules if the toxins ETA or SEB were co-cross-linked on beads together with anti-CD8 or anti-CD2 antibodies. Enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin and scarlet toxins stimulate a major fraction of human T cells, and show preferential, but not exclusive, stimulation of T cells carrying certain TCR V beta. In contrast, the mitogen of M. arthritidis, a pathogen for rodents stimulates only a minority of human T cells but activates a major fraction of murine T cells. Analysis of human T cell clones expressing V beta 5 or V beta 8 TCR showed that these clones responded also to those toxins that did not stimulate V beta 5+ and V beta 8+ T cells in bulk cultures. These results indicate that different TCR bind to these toxins with different affinities and that the specificity of the TCR-V beta-toxin interaction is quantitative rather than qualitative in nature. Taken together our findings suggest that these toxins use a common mechanism of T cell activation. They are functionally bivalent proteins crosslinking MHC class II molecules with variable parts of the TCR. Besides V beta, other parts of the TCR must be involved in this binding. The finding that murine T cells responded more weakly to the toxins produced by the human-pathogenic bacteria than to the Mycoplasma mitogen could indicate that the toxins have been adapted to the host's immune system in evolution.     

Composition of Orchid Scents Attracting Euglossine Bees

Fragrance composition of flowers from 101 plant species, especially orchids, were analyzed. Several compounds, including allo-aromadendrene, β-bourbonene, α-copaene, α-cubebene, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, epoxygeranyl acetate, 7,11-epoxymegastigma-5(6)-en-9-one, two γ-lactones, germacradienol, germacrene D, humulene, methoxy-phenyl-ethyl acetate, myrcene epoxide, sabinene, styrene, and undecatriene were detected for the first time in orchids. Fragrance composition of flowers pollinated by male euglossine bee species (perfume flowers) of four plant families are compared and contrasted with those of orchid species with other pollination systems. Melittophilous, but highly specialized orchids, produce fragrances rich in different sesquiterpenes and other rare compounds. In the species that are exclusively pollinated by fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees, the fragrances are primary attractants that serve both as an attractant and as a reward. The unusually intensely smelling flowers mostly produce esters and monoterpenes. The fragrances of euglossophilous flowers of the three plant families investigated are composed of nearly the same sets of chemical compounds, suggesting convergent evolution. Typically, euglossophilous plant species produce large amounts of few fragrant substances while melittophilous species often produce rare compounds in small amounts.     

Evidence for Glucocorticoid Target Cells in the Rat Optic Nerve. Hormone Binding and Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase Induction

Abstract: Biochemical evidence suggests that neuroglia are responsive to glucocorticoids, yet previous studies of glucocorticoid localization have typically failed to demonstrate significant uptake by neuroglial cells. To further investigate this problem, we measured glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and glucocorticoid receptor binding capacity in normal rat optic nerves and in those undergoing Wallerian (axonal) degeneration. Binding studies were also performed on hippocampus and anterior pituitary for comparison purposes. Normal optic nerve preparations possessed a high level of GPDH activity that was glucocorticoid-inducible and that increased further following axonal degeneration. Antibody inactivation experiments demonstrated the presence of more enzyme molecules in the degenerating nerve preparations. Correlative immunocytochemical studies found GPDH-positive reaction product only in morphologically identified oligodendrocytes, a result that is consistent with the previously reported localization of this enzyme in rat brain. Optic nerve cytosol fractions displayed substantial high-affinity binding of both dexamethasone (DEX) and corticosterone (CORT) that, like GPDH, was elevated approximately twofold in degenerating nerves. Finally, in vivo accumulation of [³H]DEX and [³H]CORT by optic nerve and other myelinated tracts was examined using nuclear isolation and autoradiographic methods. Although neither steroid was found to be heavily concentrated by these tissues in vivo , a small preference for DEX was observed in the nuclear uptake experiments. These results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that glial cells are targets for glucocorticoid hormones.