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1.
Wei CHEN Liqing PENG Lichun JIANG David A.PIKE Christopher R.FRIESEN Gregory BROWN 《亚洲两栖爬行动物研究(英文版)》2018,(1)
Environmental unpredictability can influence strategies of maternal investment among eggs within a clutch. Models predict that breeding females should adopt a diversified bet-hedging strategy in unpredictable environments, but empirical field evidence from Asia is scarce. Here we tested this hypothesis by exploring spatial patterns in egg size along an altitudinal gradient in a frog species(Rana kukunoris) inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau. Within-clutch variability in egg size increased as the environment became variable(e.g., lower mean monthly temperature and mean monthly rainfall at higher altitudes), and populations in environments with more unpredictable rainfall produced eggs that were smaller and more variable in size. We provide support for a diversified bet-hedging strategy in high-altitude environments, which experience dynamic weather patterns and therefore are of unpredictable environmental quality. This strategy may be an adaptive response to lower environmental quality and higher unpredictable environmental variance. Such a strategy should increase the likelihood of breeding success and maximize maternal lifetime fitness by producing offspring that are adapted to current environmental conditions. We speculate that in high-altitude environments prone to physical disturbance, breeding females are unable to consistently produce the optimal egg size due to physiological constraints imposed by environmental conditions(e.g., duration of the active season, food availability). Species and populations whose breeding strategies are adapted to cope with uncertain environmental conditions by adjusting offspring size and therefore quality show a remarkable degree of ability to cope with future climatic changes. 相似文献
2.
Validation of a Photosynthesis Model through the Use of the CO2Balance of a Greenhouse Tomato Canopy
Several leaf photosynthesis models were developed from wellcontrolled experiments in growth chambers. However, only a fewhave been validated under greenhouse conditions for their quantitativeand qualitative adequacy. In this paper, rates of net photosynthesisfor a tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) were measuredin a semi-commercial greenhouse (615 m3) for a significant timeperiod. Concomitant measurements of climatic conditions andLAI were used for simulation of net photosynthesis using theTOMGRO model which integrates Acock's model for photosynthesiscalculations. From simulations and from sensitivity analysis,the prediction of net photosynthesis appeared to be very sensitiveto the quantum use efficiency. The Acock model with originalparameters underestimated the net photosynthesis rate, but anincrease in the quantum use efficiency by 10% gave a good fit.In an effort to generalize the validity of the model, a residualanalysis was performed and showed a systematic bias relatedto light intensity intercepted by the canopy. The Marquardtalgorithm was used to adjust our data to the model but did noteliminate residual heterogeneity of variance with new parametervalues. On the basis of collected data, the criteria of goodnessof fit used showed that the photosynthesis model is inadequatein describing the CO2-balance of the greenhouse agrosystem.However, it was determined that it could be used as a submodelwithin a more complex model for predicting growth and development.Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Greenhouse, CO2-balance, photosynthesis, TOMGRO model, Acock's model, residuals, tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 相似文献
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GARY D. ROSENBERG W. WILLIAM HUGHES RICHARD D. TKACHUCK 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》1988,21(3):219-230
Juvenile Terebratalia transversa (Brachiopoda) metabolize carbohydrates in the anterior-most marginal mantle at a rate of 0.46 μM glucose/g/hr (in vitro incubation of mantle in C14-glucose in a carrying medium of 10-3 M non-radioactive glucose). The rate declines to 0.18μM glucose/g/hr in full-grown specimens. Carbohydrate metabolism in the marginal (anterior-most) mantle averages approximately 3.7 times greater than metabolism in (a portion of the ‘posterior’) mantle situated between the coelomic canals and the marginal mantle. This ratio remains constant in specimens of all sizes (i.e. an ontogenetic trend in the ratio is absent at p≤ 0.05). Organic acids are not detectable within the mantle (HPLC techniques) even after simulated anoxia (N2 bubbling during mantle incubation). Glucose metabolism in vitro declines in both the marginal and ‘posterior’ mantles during anoxia and the metabolic ratio between marginal/‘posterior’ mantles becomes 1/1. We found no difference (at p≤ 0.05) in mean metabolic activity or in sue-related metabolic trends among populations from depths ranging between mean sea level and 70 m. However, the activity within the ‘posterior’ mantle was more variable in specimens from 70 m than in those from shallower habitats (10 m - mean sea level). The size of the specimens analyzed was most variable in the groups obtained from the shallowest habitats and least variable at 70 m depth. Our results may help define the energetics of fossil as well as living brachiopod shell growth. Brachiopod shell growth is known to be very slow relative to that of bivalves and our results indicate that this is a result of the animals' slow metabolism. The inflation of the valves in T. transversa is, in part, a function of the high ratio of intermediary metabolism in the marginal vs‘posterior’ mantle (i.e. parallels the relative growth rates at the shell margin vs‘posterior’ areas). We found that the bivalve, Chlamys hastata, which is commonly associated with T. transversa, has a lower ratio of metabolic activities in the ventral/dorsal mantle areas than the brachiopod has in the anterior/posterior. The difference produces a flatter shell in the bivalve in accord with allometric principles. The higher metabolic rate in the marginal vs‘posterior’ brachiopod mantle and its more pronounced decline with anaerobiosis is reflected in the greater definition of growth increments in the outer shell layer. Our results do not support recent generalizations that correlate shell thickness of a wide variety of invertebrates inversely with metabolic rate. Growth rate as determined from width of shell growth increments is a better index of metabolic rate. Although the genetic basis of glucose metabolism is unknown, the observed metabolic variability is consistent with suggestions that populations of marine organisms living in stable offshore environments are genetically more variable but morphologically more uniform than populations from shallow water. Furthermore, our results support suggestions that bivalved molluscs and brachiopods are very different metabolically, but the data are neutral with respect to theories of competitive exclusion of the two taxa throughout geologic history. 相似文献
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棉酚对几种动物精子ATP酶抑制作用的比较研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文比较了棉酚对几种动物精子ATP酶的抑制作用。实验所测为精子细胞的总ATP酶活力;采用的棉酚浓度为10μM至80μM。20μM时精子酶的相对活力为海胆7604%,大鼠74%,家兔51.6%;40μM时酶的相对活力百分数下降至海胆52.5,大鼠35和家兔29.7;达80μM时酶的相对活力进一步下降至海胆26.7,而大鼠及家兔仅余13.2。结果表明(1)棉酚对精于ATP酶的抑制作用是依赖浓度的变化;(2)各种动物精子ATP酶活力的下降情况显示,大鼠及家兔(哺乳动物)精子ATP酶对棉酚的敏感性比海胆(无脊椎动物)要高些。这种差异性可能对棉酚在临床上的应用具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
8.
SUMMARY.
- 1 Benthic microflora (bacteria and algae) and macro invertebrates on two types of introduced substrates, unglazed clay tiles and sterilized rocks, were compared quantitatively with natural rocks in a third-order stream. Big Sulphur Creek, California, U.S.A.
- 2 Exposure periods ranging from 28 to 153 days for introduced substrates indicated that tiles accurately represented bacterial density, chlorophyll a, and macro invertebrate density and species composition of natural rocks within 28 days; phaeophytin and total organic material (as ash-free dry weight) were accurately represented within 63 days. In contrast. sterilized rocks required a 63 day exposure to simulate most of the above natural-rock features.
- 3 Tiles reduced sampling variability (i.e. increased precision) when compared with either natural or sterilized rocks, especially the variability associated with algal measurements. In benthic studies where a sufficiently long exposure period is possible (1-2 months), introduced substrates can reduce the effort and cost of benthic sampling while minimizing habitat disruption.
9.
水稻二九南1号雄性不育系及相应保持系一些生化性状的比较 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为研究高等植物雄性不育特性的遗传本质,我们以具有野败型不育细胞质、细胞核相同的水稻二九南一号(Oryza sativasubsp.Indica)雄性不育系、保持系为材料,分析了不同生长发育阶段正、负极向过氧化物酶、β-淀粉酶、酯酶同工酶和可溶性叶蛋白,结果初报如下。一、正、负极向过氧化物酶同工酶所分析的7个组织(根、茎、叶、芽鞘、胚轴、花药、胚乳)中不育系与保持 相似文献
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