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Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, an archaebacterium, possesses the first and last enzymes of the diaminopimelic acid pathway for lysine biosynthesis, dihydrodipicolinate synthase, and diaminopimelate decarboxylase. It does not have saccharopine dehydrogenase, the last enzyme of the aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis. The dihydrodipicolinate synthase is inhibited but not repressed by lysine. We conclude that this microbe uses the diaminopimelate pathway for synthesis of lysine.Deceased. 相似文献
3.
To explain higher-level heritability, we propose a dynamical systems approach, based on simulations of the high-dimensional replicator equation with mutation dynamics. We assume that all variants are generated from within the groups of variants through mutations. Simulating the equation with a random interaction matrix and possible variants, we report that this system tends to have many attractors, of fixed point, chaotic and quasiperiodic type. In a chaotic attractor, special gene-like variants appear to control the heritability ofthe system, in the sense that removal of the variants would easily enable the system to depart from the attractor. Those variants do not predominate in thepopulation size, but have the lowest net reproduction and mutation rates on average. Because their rate of growth is small, they are named neutral phenotypes. Additionally, combinatorial effects of these neutral variants to the entire system are reported. 相似文献
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The TREX enzymes process DNA as the major 3′→5′ exonuclease activity in mammalian cells. TREX2 and TREX1 are members of the DnaQ family of exonucleases and utilize a two metal ion catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis. The structure of the dimeric TREX2 enzyme in complex with single-stranded DNA has revealed binding properties that are distinct from the TREX1 protein. The TREX2 protein undergoes a conformational change in the active site upon DNA binding including ordering of active site residues and a shift of an active site helix. Surprisingly, even when a single monomer binds DNA, both monomers in the dimer undergo the structural rearrangement. From this we have proposed a model for DNA binding and 3′ hydrolysis for the TREX2 dimer. The structure also shows how TREX proteins potentially interact with double-stranded DNA and suggest features that might be involved in strand denaturation to provide a single-stranded substrate for the active site. 相似文献
7.
A new snake-eel,Apterichtus keramanus, is described on the basis of a single 276-mm TL specimen trawled from the coast of Kerama Islands, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.
The species is unique in the genus in having the posterior nostril opening entirely inside the mouth and a dark band running
from the anteroventral margin of the eye to the upper lip. 相似文献
8.
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Rev acts by inducing the specific nucleocytoplasmic transport of a class of incompletely spliced RNAs that encodes the viral structural proteins. The transfection of HeLA cells with a rev-defective HIV-1 expression plasmid, however, resulted in the export of overexpressed, intron-containing species of viral RNAs, possibly through a default process of nuclear retention. Thus, this system enabled us to directly compare Rev+ and Rev− cells as to the usage of RRE-containing mRNAs by the cellular translational machinery. Biochemical examination of the transfected cells revealed that although significant levels of gag and env mRNAs were detected in both the presence and absence of Rev, efficient production of viral proteins was strictly dependent on the presence of Rev. A fluoroscence in situ hybridisation assay confirmed these findings and provided further evidence that even in the presence of Rev, not all of the viral mRNA was equally translated. At the early phase of RNA export in Rev+ cells, gag mRNA was observed throughout both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm as uniform fine stippling. In addition, the mRNA formed clusters mainly in the perinuclear region, which were not observed in Rev− cells. In the presence of Rev, expression of the gag protein was limited to these perinuclear sites where the mRNA accumulated. Subsequent staining of the cytoskeletal proteins demonstrated that in Rev+ cells gag mRNA is colocalized with β-actin in the sites where the RNA formed clusters. In the absence of Rev, in contrast, the gag mRNA failed to associate with the cytoskeletal proteins. These results suggest that in addition to promoting the emergence of intron-containing RNA from the nucleus, Rev plays an important role in the compartmentation of translation by directing RRE-containing mRNAs to the β-actin to form the perinuclear clusters at which the synthesis of viral structural proteins begins. 相似文献
9.
Y.Yoke Marchant Fred R. Ganders Chi-Kit Wat G.H.Neil Towers 《Biochemical Systematics and Ecology》1984,12(2):167-178
Leaves and roots of 19 species and six subspecies of Hawaiian Bidens were examined for polyacetylenes. Eleven C13 hydrocarbons, aromatic and thiophenyl derivatives, one C14 tetrahydropyran and three C17 hydrocarbons were isolated all identified. All can be derived from a common precursor, oleic acid. Polyacetylenes were not detected in the leaves of 13 taxa although they are found in the roots of all. The occurrence of 2-[2-phenyl-ethyne-1-yl]-5 acetoxymethyl thiopene in Bidens has not been previously reported. Its ubiquitous presence is consistent with other evidence that the Hawaiian species are all derived from a single ancestral immigrant to the islands. Most taxa could be distinguished by their complement of polyacetylenes in roots and leaves. No variation was found to occur within taxa except in B. torta, in which each population had a unique array of polyacetylenes. Above the species level there appeared to be no taxonomically significant pattern to the distribution of polyacetylenes in this group. 相似文献
10.
Katharine Y. Ku Fred R. Butcher 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》1980,631(1):70-78
Calmodulin coupled to Sepharose has provided a rapid and sensitive means of isolating a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity which is stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca2+ complex, from rat parotid gland. Initial experiments established that phosphodiesterase activity sensitive to calmodulin and Ca2+ could not be demonstrated in crude extracts of rat parotid gland or after partial purification of rat parotid phosphodiesterase over DEAE-cellulose. However, it was possible to readily demonstrate the presence of a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity regulated by calmodulin if the extracts were first purified by batch ion-exchange chromatography over DEAE-cellulose followed by affinity chromatography with calmodulin coupled to Sepharose. The batch ion-exchange chromatography step removed the major portion of free parotid calmodulin which could compete with calmodulin-coupled Sepharose for the proteins regulated by calmodulin. Thus, by employing an initial chromatography step over DEAE-cellulose to separate phosphodiesterase activity from calmodulin, it was possible to increase the recovery of calmodulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase after affinity chromatography with calmodulin coupled to Sepharose. This approach should be useful for demonstrating the presence of and for purifying other parotid proteins regulated by calmodulin. 相似文献