Growth and senescence of Medicago truncatula cultured cells are associated with characteristic mitochondrial morphology

Here mitochondrial morphology and dynamics were investigated in Medicago truncatula cell-suspension cultures during growth and senescence. Cell biology techniques were used to measure cell growth and death in culture. Mitochondrial morphology was investigated in vivo using a membrane potential sensor probe coupled with confocal microscopy. Expression of a senescence-associated gene (MtSAG) was evaluated in different cell-growth phases. Mitochondria appeared as numerous, punctuate organelles in cells at the beginning of the subculture cycle, while interconnected networks were observed in actively growing cells. In senescent cells, giant mitochondria were associated with dying cells. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria was detected in different growth phases of cultured cells. Studies on plant cell cultures allowed us to identify physiological and molecular markers of senescence and cell death, and to associate distinct mitochondrial morphology with cells under different physiological conditions.     

Chemical modifications of carboxylated chitosan

C-6-carboxylated chitosan obtained by oxidation of chitosan was selectively modified in order to obtain derivatives similar to bacterial antigens. Selective O-acetylation of 6-carboxyl chitosan afforded a modified polysaccharide with the 2-amino group available for further modifications to create carbonyl groups. A deaminative degradation reaction allowed the formation of oligosaccharides with terminal aldehyde groups. Reductive alkylation with lactose introduced lactityl branches which were oxidized with galactose oxidase to give aldehyde groups in its -galactose residues.     

Aphyllophorales del Bosco della Mesola (Ferrara)

Abstract

Aphyllophorales from Mesola Forest (Ferrara) Italy—The present check-list is the first contribution to the knowledge of Aphyllophorales growing in the area of the Mesola Forest. The paper deals with 72 species of Aphyllophorales collected during the years 1980-1983. A further contribution will complete the picture of the Aphyllophorales flora which is particularly interesting and abundant in the forest.

Some of the species listed in the present paper are quite interesting since they are uncommon: Meruliopsis hirtellus and Oxyporus latemarginatus are new to Italy; Flaviporus semisupiniformis is the first European finding and the second world collection.     

SLN as a topical delivery system for Artemisia arborescens essential oil: in vitro antiviral activity and skin permeation study

The effect of SLN incorporation on transdermal delivery and in vitro antiherpetic activity of Artemisia arborescens essential oil was investigated. Two different SLN formulations were prepared using the hot-pressure homogenization technique, Compritol 888 ATO as lipid, and Poloxamer 188 and Miranol Ultra C32 as surfactants. Formulations were examined for their stability for two years by monitoring average size distribution and zeta potential values. The antiviral activity of free and SLN incorporated essential oil was tested in vitro against Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) by a quantitative tetrazolium-based colorimetric method (MTT), while the effects of essential oil incorporation into SLN on both the permeation through and the accumulation into the skin strata was investigated by using in vitro diffusion experiments through newborn pig skin and an almond oil Artemisia essential oil solution as a control. Results showed that both SLN formulations were able to entrap the essential oil in high yields and that the mean particle size increased only slightly after two years of storage, indicating a high physical stability. In vitro antiviral assays showed that SLN incorporation did not affect the essential oil antiherpetic activity. The in vitro skin permeation experiments demonstrated the capability of SLN of greatly improving the oil accumulation into the skin, while oil permeation occurred only when the oil was delivered from the control solution.     

β-thymosins and interstitial lung disease: study of a scleroderma cohort with a one-year follow-up

Background

β-thymosins play roles in cytoskeleton rearrangement, angiogenesis, fibrosis and reparative process, thus suggesting a possible involvement in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of thymosins β₄, β₄ sulfoxide, and β₁₀ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of scleroderma patients with interstitial lung disease and the relation of these factors with pulmonary functional and radiological parameters.

Methods

β-thymosins concentrations were determined by Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray-Mass Spectrometry in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 46 scleroderma patients with lung involvement and of 15 controls.

Results

Thymosin β_4, β₄ sulfoxide, and β₁₀ were detectable in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients and controls. Thymosin β₄ levels were significantly higher in scleroderma patients than in controls. In addition, analyzing the progression of scleroderma lung disease at one-year follow-up, we have found that higher thymosin β₄ levels seem to have a protective role against lung tissue damage. Thymosin β₄ sulfoxide levels were higher in the smokers and in the scleroderma patients with alveolitis.

Conclusions

We describe for the first time β-thymosins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of scleroderma lung disease. Thymosin β₄ seems to have a protective role against lung tissue damage, while its oxidation product mirrors an alveolar inflammatory status.     

Targeting CreERT2 expression to keratin 8-expressing murine simple epithelia using bacterial artificial chromosome transgenesis

Keratin 8 (K8) is a type II keratin that is associated with the type I keratins K18 or K19 in single layered epithelia. We generated a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mouse line that expresses the tamoxifen inducible CreER(T2) inserted into the endogenous murine K8 gene. The transgenic mouse line contains two copies of the BAC transgene. To determine the expression specificity and inducibility of CreER(T2), the K8-CreER(T2) mice were bred with a Gt(ROSA 26)( ACTB-tdTomato-EGFP ) fluorescent protein-based reporter transgenic mouse line. We demonstrated that CreER(T2) and the endogenous K8 gene share the same patterns of expression and that the enzymatic activity of CreER(T2) can be efficiently induced by tamoxifen in all K8-expressing tissues. This mouse line will be useful for studying gene function in development and homeostasis of simple epithelia, and investigating both tissue lineage hierarchy and the identity of the cells of origin for epithelial cancers.