中国长臂猿的分布(英文)

中国南部分布着3种长臂猿,它们是白眉长臂猿(Hylobates hoolock)、白掌长臂猿(H.lar)和黑冠长臂猿(H.concolor)。黑冠长臂猿在我国境内有3个亚种:指名亚种(H.c.concolor),白颊亚种(H.c.leucogenys)和海南亚种(H.c.hainanus)。这些种类目前只分布在云南和广东的海南岛,但在五十年代初也生活在广西的西南部。这些地区是长臂猿属分布区的东北边界。 同它们在中南半岛的地理特征相一致,中国的3种长臂猿的分布区不相重迭,以两条大江为界。白眉长臂猿栖居在云南怒江以西,白掌长臂猿生活在怒江与澜沧江之间地带,黑冠长臂猿占据澜沧江以东。但是有一处,即黑冠长臂猿的云南保山瓦窑分布点例外,该地的标本收藏在动物研究所。 对于黑冠长臂猿海南亚种的文献记述存在不确切之处。现有较多的标本表明,海南亚种的雌性个体头冠部具有界限明显的黑色大斑块;成年雌性个体背毛呈浅棕灰色或较鲜亮的赭黄色;背中部毛较长,在40—75毫米之间。 我们所研究的标本收藏在以下单位:纽约美国自然历史博物馆,北京自然博物馆,芝加哥福地自然历史博物馆,复旦大学生物系,中国科学院动物研究所,广州华南濒危动物研究所,上海自然博物馆,上海动物园(活体),中山大学生物系。     

Male external genitalia and systematic relationships of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata Blyth, 1875)

Penial morphology was studied in six preserved specimens of the Japanese macaque,Macaca fuscata. Structure of the glans penis and baculum inM. fuscata is essentially similar to that in the rhesus macaque,M. mulatta. With age the skin of the penis inM. fuscata apparently becomes progressively more darkly and extensively pigmented, and the baculum becomes progressively longer. One immature specimen examined, with penial skin unpigmented and baculum cartilaginous, appears to be abnormally retarded in penial development. Penial morphology suggests that the allopatric speciesM. fuscata, M. mulatta, M. cyclopis, andM. fascicularis constitute a closely interrelated group. Contrary to a previous report, there is no evidence that penial morphology inM. fuscata is transitional to that inM. radiata andM. sinica. InM. fuscata, M. mulatta, andM. fascicularis, latitudinal variation of body size and relative tail length conforms toBergmann's rule andAllen's rule; external proportions in three specimens ofM. cyclopis only partly conform to this pattern.     

Eastern limit of distribution of the slow loris,Nycticebus coucang

The easternmost known record of the slow loris,Nycticebus coucang, is Tawitawi, Philippines. A report of this species in Mindanao, 500 km northeast of Tawitawi, is based on a mislabeled specimen.     

Primates obtained in Peninsular Thailand June–July, 1973, with notes on the distribution of continental Southeast Asian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis)

During five weeks of field work 50 specimens of seven species of primates were obtained in peninsular Thailand. For each of these species information is given concerning external measurements, habitats, troop size, reproductive biology, and stomach contents. Peninsular primate specimens are compared with specimens previously collected in west-central Thailand. The distribution of species of leaf-monkeys (Presbytis) in continental Southeast Asia is comprehensively surveyed and mapped for the first time: theTrachypithecus-group of leaf-monkeys is widely distributed in continental Southeast Asia; thePresbytis-group is restricted to the Burmo-Thai-Malay Peninsula, where it is sympatric with theTrachypithecus-group; species in theTrachypithecus-group are largely allopatric.     

Ecogeographic segregation of macaque species

Sympatry in the genusMacaca is restricted to a heartland area in South Asia that is inhabited by eight species. All heartland species apparently are segregated either ecologically or geographically. Available evidence is compatible with the hypothesis that interspecific competition has been a major factor in the evolution of this pattern of ecogeographic segregation.     

The stumptail macaques of China

The stumptail macaque species Macaca thibetana and Macaca arctoides replace one another from north to south in subtropical and tropical China. These species differ in external and cranial characters. Neonatal pelage color is pale grayish-brown in M. thibetana and whitish in M. arctoides. In adults, ventral pelage is whitish in M. thibetana and brown in M. arctoides. The forehead and cheeks are thickly furred in adult M. thibetana and bald in M. arctoides. Facial skin color typically is sexually dimorphic in M. thibetana—buffy in males and reddish in females—and monomorphic in M. arctoides—reddish in both sexes. Head and body length, weight, relative tail length, and relative ear length all tend to average greater in M. thibetana than in M. arctoides. Skull length, rostral-postrostral ratio, and relative canine length in males average greater in M. thibetana. than in M. arctoides; relative zygomatic breadth and relative bimalar breadth average greater in M. arctoides than in M. thibetana. Reproductive anatomy in both sexes is strikingly divergent in these two species. Although these species are adapted to different climatic zones, many aspects of their natural history are generally similar, as far as is now known. One apparent behavioral difference is that M. thibetana usually sleeps in caves or rocky crevices, while M. arctoides usually sleeps in trees.     

Birth-season variation in Japanese macaques,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Macaca fuscata</Emphasis>

Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, exhibit an annual reproductive cycle that apparently is maintained intrinsically. Translocation of nine troops to new latitudes within the northern hemisphere has had minimal effect on the timing of birth seasonality in these troops; translocation of one troop to the southern hemisphere has resulted in a 6-month forward displacement of birth seasonality in this troop. Limited available evidence indicates that, in the latitudinal zone between Toimisaki (31°22′N) and Kinkazan (38°17′N), mean birth date in in-situ troops becomes earlier as latitude of troop localities increases; the same relationship between mean birth date and latitude apparently does not apply to in-situ troops south and north of the Toimisaki–Kinkazan latitudinal zone. Within the Toimisaki–Kinkazan latitudinal zone, earlier mean birth dates at higher latitudes may permit infants to achieve an adequate level of development before the earlier onset of poor winter food conditions. South of the Toimisaki–Kinkazan latitudinal zone, winters are relatively mild and may be less of a factor in infant survival; north of this zone, poor winter food conditions persist so long that earlier infant births may be maladaptive. Electronic Publication     

Tail length variation inMacaca fascicularis andM. mulatta

Based on collectors' measurements of 1,040 specimens, variation of relative tail length [RTL = (tail length/head and body length) × 100] has been studied inMacaca fascicularis andM. mulatta, two closely related species that replace one another in tropical Asia and subtropical Asia, respectively. RTL usually is greater than 90 inM. fascicularis and usually is less than 60 inM. mulatta; intermediate values occur in only 3.5% of specimens studied. Within each species, RTL is approximately equal in females and males. From infancy to adulthood, RTL tends to decline in both species. InM. fascicularis, RTL generally decreases with increasing latitude; inM. mulatta, RTL is approximately constant latitudinally. Where the geographic ranges of these two species meet at ca. 15°N in the Indochinese Peninsula, a few specimens have been collected in which RTL and dorsal pelage color are intermediate between those inM. fascicularis andM. mulatta. The observed pattern of variation suggests that the ranges ofM. fascicularis andM. mulatta formerly were separated by a zoogeographic barrier — perhaps during a Pleistocene glacial interval. After disappearance of the postulated barrier, the ranges of these two species apparently became contiguous and limited hybridization has occurred.     

Taxonomy and evolution of thesinica group of macaques: I. Species and subspecies accounts ofMacaca sinica

Based on study of 116 museum specimens and review of relevant literature, a new species account ofMacaca sinica, the Sri Lanka toque macaque, is presented. External and cranial characters of the species are described and analyzed. A summary of natural history of the species includes information on habitats, arboreal-terrestrial preferences, predators, diet, relations with other primate species, density, troop size and composition, home range area, and reproductive biology. Two subspecies ofM. sinica are recognized, northernM. s. sinica (Linnaeus, 1771) and southwesternM. s. aurifrons (Pocock, 1931). Geographic ranges of these two subspecies meet in a 50–200 km broad contact zone in which representatives of both subspecific phenotypes are encountered (35s. sinica phenotypes; 8s. aurifrons phenotypes in 43 contact zone specimens examined). An annotated gazetteer of known macaque localities in Sri Lanka provides information concerning available museum specimens and field reports by collectors or observers. Comparative study of three remaining species in thesinica group (M. radiata, M. assamensis, & M. thibetana) is in progress. This research was partly supported by National Institutes of Health MBS Grant No. RR-08043 to Chicago State University.