Changes in the lungs in the early period of closed trauma of the thorax in rats

In experiments on rats it has been demonstrated that in the acute period of uninjured parts of the lungs periodic changes of protein, lipid and glucose concentrations developed. In uninjured parts of the lungs one can observe more concentration of lipids and in injured parts-more glucose. The changes of substrates, concentrations in the lungs are due to not only the changes of venous blood excess in the lungs, but are connected with metabolic changes in the cells of the injured and uninjured parts of the lungs. The metabolic changes in the lungs in the acute period of chest trauma influence the creation of such indices of gas exchange as PaCO2 and PACO2.     

Genetic determination of rheumatoid arthritis. Distribution of certain Mendelian markers in the light of correspondence of the disease heritability to the model of single autosomal two-allele locus with incomplete penetrance

The study on the nature of distribution of certain mendelian markers aimed at specifying their role in determination of rheumatoid arthritis disease was carried out, based on the material from the Family Data Bank of the Department of Epidemiology and Genetics of the rheumatic diseases in this institute comprising data on 200 families of patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Antigens of HLA-system (the loci A, B, DR), ABO blood groups, Rh, MN and P, phenotypes of acid erythrocyte phosphatase and the types of haptoglobin were studied. Based on the data from this and the previous studies, it is established that the steadiest deviations of the RA patients groups from the general population concerned the frequency of HLA A11, B12, B27 and DR4, blood group P and phenotypes of the acid erythrocyte phosphatase. When using additional controls--a group of healthy mothers of women-probands from the families with the type of marriage "healthy x healthy", and analysing some pair combinations of the HLA system antigens, it was demonstrated that the most clearly their role in formation of the disease display the antigens DR4, and in their absence--DR3, and B12, whereas accumulation of A11 and B27 depended on the presence of other antigens of HLA loci--A and B. Taken together, these data may imply that genetic markers under study serve, when in certain combinations, as "modifiers" of the major gene, or, in a general case, of major genes of multifactorial disease affecting its appearance and clinical manifestations.     

Characteristics of the growth on rapeseed oil and synthesis of citric and isocitric acids by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Yarrowia lipolytica</Emphasis> yeasts

The native strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKMY-2373 grown in a complete medium exhibited the maximum lipase activity at the concentration of rapesseed oil of at least 5.0 g/l. In the course of yeast growth, no considerable changes were observed in the glycerol concentration, the proportions of the major free fatty acids formed via oil hydrolysis, or the fatty acid composition of oil. Under nitrogen limitation of cell growth, the accumulation of citric acids reached 77.1 g/l with predominance of isocitric acid at pH 6.0, whereas at pH 4.5, almost equal amounts of citric and isocitric acids were produced. Cultivation of the mutant strain Y. lipolytica N 1 at pH 4.5 resulted in the predominant accumulation of citric acid (66.6 g/l) with an insignificant amount of isocitric acid. In the period of intense acid synthesis, high production of lipase was observed.     

Genetic determination of rheumatoid arthritis

The study on the nature of genetic determination of the definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its forms was carried out, based on the material comprising clinical data on 189 probands and their 1st and 2nd degree relatives (713 subjects) which is contained in the computer Family Data Bank at the Department of Epidemiology and Genetics of this institute. The heritability coefficient "in narrow sense" (80%) obtained within the framework of the multifactorial threshold model confirmed once more important role of genetic factors in the appearance of the disease. The study of genetic heterogeneity within the framework of the Ch. Smith's and T. Reich's models failed to reveal any independent genetically RA forms. An assumption of the essential role of the genes localized in the X chromosome, based on diverse susceptibility of sexes, received no conformation. It has been shown that the RA distribution in the population and families may well be described by means of a variant of the single autosomal two-allele locus model with incomplete and differentiated for two sexes penetrance. The model parameters obtained, a particular penetrance of the mutant homozygote in both sexes equalling 100%, and penetrance of the normal homozygote equalling 0 in men and reaching 0 (0.028%) in women testify to a very essential influence of the major gene on determination of RA.     

Metabolism of Yarrowia lipolytica Grown on Ethanol under Conditions Promoting the Production of α-Ketoglutaric and Citric Acids: A Comparative Study of the Central Metabolism Enzymes

A comparative study of the enzymes of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and glyoxylate cycles in the mutant Yarrowia lipolytica strain N1 capable of producing -ketoglutaric acid (KGA) and citric acid showed that almost all enzymes of the TCA cycle are more active under conditions promoting the production of KGA. The only exception was citrate synthase, whose activity was higher in yeast cells producing citric acid. The production of both acids was accompanied by suppression of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes. The activities of malate dehydrogenase, aconitase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and fumarase were higher in cells producing KGA than in cells producing citric acid.     

Synthesis citric and isocitric acids by Yarrowia lipolytica during yeasts growth on rapeseed oils

The native strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-2373 grown in a complete medium exhibited the maximum lipase activity at the concentration of rapeseed oil of at least 5.0 g/l. In the course of yeast growth, no considerable changes were observed in the glycerol concentration, the proportions of the major free fatty acids formed via oil hydrolysis, or the fatty acid composition of oil. Under nitrogen limitation of cell growth, the accumulation of citric acids reached 77.1 g/l with predominance of isocitric acid at pH 6.0, whereas at pH 4.5, almost equal amounts of citric and isocitric acids were produced. Cultivation of the mutant strain Y. lipolytica N 1 at pH 4.5 resulted in the predominant accumulation of citric acid (66.6 g/l) with an insignificant amount of isocitric acid. In the period of intense acid synthesis, high production of lipase was observed.     

Biosynthesis of isocitric acid from ethanol by yeasts

Summary The ability of yeasts of different taxonomic groups to synthesize isocitric (ICA) and citric acids (CA) was studied during their growth on ethanol medium. The most active producer of ICA from ethanol, Candida lipolytica 704, was selected. We have chosen cultivation conditions, i.e. pH of the medium and concentrations of oxygen and substrate, optimal for accumulation of ICA. The yield of ICA exceeded 60% of the weight of substrate used. We have studied the dynamics of acid production under conditions of periodic growth of C. lipolytica 704 on ethanol. On the basis of the analysis of citrate and glyoxylate cycle enzyme activity we have developed a conception for the mechanism of ICA overproduction.Offprint requests to: T. V. Finogenova