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Elisabeth Ekener-Petersen Göran Finnveden 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(1):127-143
Purpose
A generic hotspot assessment of social impacts from a product was conducted, using a laptop computer as a case. The aims of the case study were to identify social hotspots of the laptop and to test and evaluate the methodology.Methods
The case study was based on the social LCA methodology described in the Guidelines for social LCA and included the product system from ‘cradle to grave’ as well as the impacts on all relevant stakeholders. We focused on a simplified list of materials and used mainly country-specific data.Results and discussion
A new method for impact assessment of hotspots was developed. The total activity in each phase was distributed among countries. The countries were divided into groups related to the extent of activity in the product system, as well as to their performance on a subcategory. High values in both groups were highlighted and hotspots were identified. The results revealed some hotspots, some hot countries and some hot issues, all indicating a risk of negative social impacts in the product system of a laptop. It also identified workers and the local community as the stakeholders most at risk of negative social impacts. Among the hotspots identified, the following subcategories were of importance: safe and healthy living conditions, social benefit/social security, access to material resources, involvement in areas with armed conflicts, community engagement (lack of), corruption, and access to immaterial resources.Conclusions
The study showed it is possible to conduct a social LCA on a generic complex product using the Guidelines, even though data collection was impaired by lack of data and low data quality. It identified methodological issues that need further attention, for example the indicator impact pathways. Still, it is clear that new insights can be gained by social LCA, where the life cycle perspective and the systematic approach help users identify potentially important aspects that could otherwise have been neglected. 相似文献3.
Elisabeth Hochschorner Göran Finnveden 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(3):200-208
Goal, Scope and Background
Procurement in public and non-public organisations has the potential to influence product development towards more environmentally
friendly products. This article focuses on public procurement with procurement in Swedish defence as a special case. In 2003,
public procurement in Sweden was 28% of the GDP. In the Swedish defence sector the amount was 2% of the GDP. The total emissions
from the sector were of the same order of magnitude as from waste treatment (2% of Sweden's emissions). According to an appropriation
letter from the Ministry of Defence in 1998, the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) and the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration
(FMV) are required to take environmental issues into consideration during the entire process of acquiring defence materiel.
Environmental aspects are considered today, but without a life-cycle perspective.
- The aims of this article are to recommend suitable tools for taking environmental concerns into account, considering a product's
life-cycle, in the procurement process for defence materiel in Sweden; to make suggestions for how these tools could be used
in the acquisition process; and to evaluate these suggestions through interviews with actors in the acquisition process. The
procurement process does not include aspects specific to Swedish defence, and it is therefore likely to be comparable to processes
in other countries.
Methods
The method involved a study of current literature and interviews with various actors in the acquisition process. The life
cycle methods considered were quantitative Life Cycle Assessments, a simplified LCA-method called the MECO method and Life
Cycle Costing (LCC).
Results and Discussion
Methodology recommendations for quantitative LCA and simplified LCA are presented in the article, as well as suggestions on
how to integrate LCA methods in the acquisition process. We identified four areas for use for LCA in the acquisition process:
to learn about environmental aspects of the product; to fulfil requirements from customers; to set environmental requirements
and to choose between alternatives. Therefore, tools such as LCAs are useful in several steps in the acquisition process.
Conclusion
From the interviews, it became clear that the actors in the acquisition process think that environmental aspects should be
included early in the process. The actors are interested in using LCA methods, but there is a need for an initiative from
one or several of them if the method is to be used regularly in the process. Environmental and acquisition issues are handled
with very little interaction in the controlling and ordering organisation. An integration of environmental and acquisition
parts in these organisations is probably needed in order to integrate environmental aspects in general and life-cycle thinking
in particular. Other difficulties identified are costs and time constraints.
Recommendation and Perspective
In order to include the most significant aspects when procuring materiel, it is important to consider the whole life-cycle
of the products. Our major recommendation is that the defence sector should work systematically through different product
groups. For each product group, quantitative, traditional LCAs or simplified LCAs (in this case modified MECOs) should be
performed for reference products within each product group. The results should be an identification of critical aspects in
the life-cycles of the products. The studies will also form a database that can be used when making new LCAs. This knowledge
should then be used when writing specifications of what to procure and setting criteria for procurement. The reports should
be publicly available to allow reviews and discussions of results. To make the work more cost-effective, international co-operation
should be sought. In addition, LCAs can also be performed as an integrated part of the acquisition process in specific cases. 相似文献
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Assessing the Eco-efficiency of End-of-Pipe Technologies with the Environmental Cost Efficiency Indicator 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Stefanie Hellweg Gabor Doka Gran Finnveden Konrad Hungerbühler 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2005,9(4):189-203
The concept of eco-efficiency is increasingly being applied to judge the combined environmental and economic performance of product systems, processes, and/or companies. Ecoefficiency is often defined as the ratio of economic value added to environmental impact added. This definition is not appropriate for end-of-pipe treatment technologies because these technologies aim at improving the environmental performance of technical processes at the cost of financial expense. Therefore, an indicator for the assessment of end-of-pipe technologies has been proposed. This indicator, called environmental cost efficiency (ECE), is defined as the ratio of net environmental benefits to the difference in costs. ECE is applied to four end-of-pipe technologies for the treatment of municipal solid waste: sanitary landfill, mechanical-biological treatment, modern grate incineration, and a staged thermal process (pyrolysis and gasification). A life-cycle assessment was performed on these processes to quantify the net environmental benefit. Moreover, the approximate net costs (costs minus benefits) were quantified. The results show that, relative to grate incineration, sanitary landfills and mechanical-biological treatment are less costly but environmentally more harmful. We calculated the ECE for all combinations of technologies. The results indicate that the staged thermal process may be the most environmentally cost-efficient alternative to all other treatment technologies in the long run, followed by mechanical-biological treatment and grate incineration. 相似文献
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State of the art and research needs for the impact category eutrophication are discussed. Eutrophication is a difficult impact
category because it includes emissions to both air and water — both subject to different environmental mechanisms — as well
as impacts occurring in different types of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The possible fate processes are complex and
include transportation between different ecosystems. In some recent approaches, transportation modelling of air emissions
has been included. However, in general, the used characterisation methods do not integrate fate modelling, which is a limitation.
The definition of the impact indicator needs further research, too. The inclusion of other nutrients than those typically
considered should also be investigated. 相似文献
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Peters Greg Harder Robin Arvidsson Rickard Baumann Henrikke Björklund Anna Despeisse Mélanie Ekvall Tomas Ericsson Niclas Finnveden Göran Hammar Torun Janssen Matty Karheiding Carl Karlsson Hanna Söderman Maria Ljunggren Svanström Magdalena Tillman Anne-Marie Wallbaum Holger 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2019,24(10):1758-1759
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - 相似文献
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This article quantifies and ranks the environmental pressure caused by different product groups consumed in Sweden. This is done using information from economic and environmental statistics. An analysis for the year 1998 is performed for approximately 50 product groups using input-output analysis. This type of analysis has some major advantages for integrated product policy (IPP) purposes: the underlying data are regularly updated, the data systems are being harmonized by international standards, and the connection between environmental goals and IPP goals can be investigated. This article summarizes two Swedish reports, one for the Producer Responsibility Committee and one for the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The results show that the volume of consumption is an important factor in environmental pressure from products as well as impact intensities. The most important product categories for private consumption are petroleum products, electricity, construction, and food and beverages, as well as transport. Possibilities of building indicators for IPP are also discussed. 相似文献
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