The in vivo dose rate effect of chronic gamma radiation in mice: translocation and micronucleus analyses

The in vivo effects of chronic, ultra low dose rates of gamma radiation in mice were evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridization and the in vivo micronucleus test. SWR×C57BL/6 mice were divided into nine exposure groups and continuously exposed to 0.5, 2.0 or 4.0 cGy ¹³⁷Cs per day for 30, 60 or 90 days; unexposed control mice were also included. Following exposure, blood samples were taken from each animal and the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE) and micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNCE) were determined using flow cytometry. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured and analyzed by chromosome painting to determine translocation frequencies. A significant dose rate response was seen in translocations and both MPCE and MNCE. Comparisons were made between the three chronic dose rates and it was determined that there was no significant difference among translocation frequencies for each rate. However, a significant difference was found between the chronic exposures reported here and the fractionated daily exposures reported previously. Dose rate reduction effects, ranging from 3 at low doses to 14 at high doses, were found for chronic versus acute exposures. The possibility of gender effects was investigated in both micronucleus and translocation data. No gender effect was found in translocation induction, but a slight effect was suggested in micronucleus induction.     

Control of spindle orientation in Drosophila by the Par-3-related PDZ-domain protein Bazooka

Background: The orientation of the mitotic spindle influences the asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic determinants and the positioning of the sibling cell, and therefore has important influences on cell-fate determination and patterning of the embryo. Both the establishment of an axis of polarity and the adjustment of this axis with respect to the coordinates of the embryo have to be controlled. None of the genes identified so far that are involved in these processes seems to have been conserved between flies and nematodes.Results: Here, we show that the bazooka gene encodes a protein with three putative protein-interaction motifs known as PDZ domains and is the first Drosophila representative of the par gene family of Caenorhabditis elegans, members of which are required for establishment of anterior–posterior polarity of the nematode embryo. The bazooka RNA and protein were found to be restricted to the apical cortical cytoplasm of epithelial cells and neuroblasts. Embryos that were mutant for bazooka frequently failed to coordinate the axis of cell polarity with that of the embryo. This was manifested as defective spindle orientation and mispositioning of the daughter cell after division.Conclusions: The Drosophila gene bazooka is likely to be part of a regulatory mechanism required to coordinate the axis of polarity of a cell with that of the embryo. The PDZ domains of Bazooka provide several protein–protein interfaces, which possibly participate in the assembly of a multiprotein complex at the apical pole.     

Subependymal glycosaminoglycan networks in adult and developing rat brain

Histochemical studies of normal adult rat brain indicate two types of glycosaminoglycans in the subependymal region of the lateral ventricle. One network is characterized by an affinity for the cationic dyes alcian blue, aldehyde fuchsin and colloidal iron. These reactions occur at pH 1.0 and at 0.5-0.3 M concentration of MgCl2, which suggests that this material is chondroitin sulfate. The other system is identified by metachromasia with toluidine blue and a loss of PAS staining following sulfation. These findings are consistent with non-sulfated and non-anionic acid mucopolysaccharides. In developing rat brain the differential development of these networks enhances their separate identity. The metachromatic network is present at least by the 10th postnatal day but the polyanionic electrolytes cannot be identified until the 16th to the 22nd days. The possible functional importance of these systems is discussed.     

Seven Genes of the Enhancer of Split Complex of Drosophila Melanogaster Encode Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins

Enhancer of split [E(spl)] is one of the neurogenic loci of Drosophila and, as such, is required for normal segregation of neural and epidermal cell progenitors. Genetic observations indicate that the E(spl) locus is in fact a gene complex comprising a cluster of related genes and that other genes of the region are also required for normal early neurogenesis. Three of the genes of the complex were known to encode helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins and to be transcribed in nearly identical patterns. Here, we show that four other genes in the vicinity also encode HLH proteins and, during neuroblast segregation, three of them are expressed in the same pattern. We show by germ-line transformation that these three genes are also necessary to allow epidermal development of the neuroectodermal cells.     

Olive bagasse (Olea europea L.) pyrolysis

Olive bagasse (Olea europea L.) was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, particle size and sweep gas flow rates on the yields of the products were investigated. Pyrolysis runs were performed using pyrolysis temperatures between 350 and 550 degrees C with heating rates of 10 and 50 degrees C min(-1). The particle size and sweep gas flow rate varied in the ranges 0.224-1.8mm and 50-200 cm3 min(-1), respectively. The bio-oil obtained at 500 degrees C was analysed and at this temperature the liquid product yield was the maximum. The various characteristics of bio-oil obtained under these conditions were identified on the basis of standard test methods. The empirical formula of the bio-oil with heating value of 31.8 MJ kg(-1) was established as CH(1.65)O(0.25)N(0.03). The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive bagasse may be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.     

Structural and biophysical determinants of single CaV3.1 and CaV3.2 T-type calcium channel inhibition by N2O

We investigated the biophysical mechanism of inhibition of recombinant T-type calcium channels Ca_V3.1 and Ca_V3.2 by nitrous oxide (N₂O). To identify functionally important channel structures, chimeras with reciprocal exchange of the N-terminal domains I and II and C-terminal domains III and IV were examined. In whole-cell recordings N₂O significantly inhibited Ca_V3.2, and – less pronounced – Ca_V3.1. A Ca_V3.2-prevalent inhibition of peak currents was also detected in cell-attached multi-channel patches. In cell-attached patches containing ≤3 channels N₂O reduced average peak current of Ca_V3.2 by decreasing open probability and open time duration. Effects on Ca_V3.1 were smaller and mediated by a reduced fraction of sweeps containing channel activity. Without drug, single Ca_V3.1 channels were significantly less active than Ca_V3.2. Chimeras revealed that domains III and IV control basal gating properties. Domains I and II, in particular a histidine residue within Ca_V3.2 (H191), are responsible for the subtype-prevalent N₂O inhibition. Our study demonstrates the biophysical (open times, open probability) and structural (domains I and II) basis of action of N₂O on Ca_V3.2. Such a fingerprint of single channels can help identifying the molecular nature of native channels. This is exemplified by a characterization of single channels expressed in human hMTC cells as functional homologues of recombinant Ca_V3.1.     

Drosophila Lin-7 is a component of the Crumbs complex in epithelia and photoreceptor cells and prevents light-induced retinal degeneration

The Drosophila Crumbs protein complex is required to maintain epithelial cell polarity in the embryo, to ensure proper morphogenesis of photoreceptor cells and to prevent light-dependent retinal degeneration. In Drosophila, the core components of the complex are the transmembrane protein Crumbs, the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) Stardust and the scaffolding protein DPATJ. The composition of the complex and some of its functions are conserved in mammalian epithelial and photoreceptor cells. Here, we report that Drosophila Lin-7, a scaffolding protein with one Lin-2/Lin-7 (L27) domain and one PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain, is associated with the Crumbs complex in the subapical region of embryonic and follicle epithelia and at the stalk membrane of adult photoreceptor cells. DLin-7 loss-of-function mutants are viable and fertile. While DLin-7 localization depends on Crumbs, neither Crumbs, Stardust nor DPATJ require DLin-7 for proper accumulation in the subapical region. Unlike other components of the Crumbs complex, DLin-7 is also enriched in the first optic ganglion, the lamina, where it co-localizes with Discs large, another member of the MAGUK family. In contrast to crumbs mutant photoreceptor cells, those mutant for DLin-7 do not display any morphogenetic abnormalities. Similar to crumbs mutant eyes, however, DLin-7 mutant photoreceptors undergo progressive, light-dependent degeneration. These results support the previous conclusions that the function of the Crumbs complex in cell survival is independent from its function in photoreceptor morphogenesis.     

On the role of the MAGUK proteins encoded by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila varicose</Emphasis>during embryonic and postembryonic development

Background  

Membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) form a family of scaffolding proteins, which are often associated with cellular junctions, such as the vertebrate tight junction, the Drosophila septate junction or the neuromuscular junction. Their capacity to serve as platforms for organising larger protein assemblies results from the presence of several protein-protein interaction domains. They often appear in different variants suggesting that they also mediate dynamic changes in the composition of the complexes.     

Multilevel data analysis of a crossover designed human nutritional intervention study

A new method is introduced for the analysis of 'omics' data derived from crossover designed drug or nutritional intervention studies. The method aims at finding systematic variations in metabolic profiles after a drug or nutritional challenge and takes advantage of the crossover design in the data. The method, which can be considered as a multivariate extension of a paired t test, generates different multivariate submodels for the between- and the within-subject variation in the data. A major advantage of this variation splitting is that each submodel can be analyzed separately without being confounded with the other variation sources. The power of the multilevel approach is demonstrated in a human nutritional intervention study which used NMR-based metabolomics to assess the metabolic impact of grape/wine extract consumption. The variations in the urine metabolic profiles are studied between and within the human subjects using the multilevel analysis. After variation splitting, multilevel PCA is used to investigate the experimental and biological differences between the subjects, whereas a multilevel PLS-DA model is used to reveal the net treatment effect within the subjects. The observed treatment effect is validated with cross model validation and permutations. It is shown that the statistical significance of the multilevel classification model ( p < 0.0002) is a major improvement compared to a ordinary PLS-DA model ( p = 0.058) without variation splitting. Finally, rank products are used to determine which NMR signals are most important in the multilevel classification model.