Evidence for active half-molecules of alpha 2-macroglobulin formed by dissociation in urea

Urea caused dissociation of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) into half-molecules (two disulfide-bonded subunits) as revealed by gel electrophoresis. The fraction of whole molecules remaining decreased with increasing urea concentration. Half-dissociation occurred at about 2.2 M. The ability of alpha 2M to inhibit trypsin also decreased with increasing urea concentration, but the activity-urea curve was shifted to the right as compared to the dissociation-urea curve. Thus, at 3 M urea, gel electrophoresis showed only 6.6% whole molecules, whereas the trypsin inhibitory activity was 95% of that in buffer with no urea, suggesting that half-molecules retain activity. In addition, complexes formed in urea with 125I-labeled trypsin were observed to migrate as half-molecules even though only 50% of such complexes were covalent. These results are surprising in light of the report by Gonias and Pizzo [Gonias, S., & Pizzo, S. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 536-546] that half-molecules formed by mild reduction are active; reduction is assumed to divide the molecule along an axis orthogonal to the break caused by urea. This suggests that active half-molecules can be formed by splitting either the covalent or noncovalent bonds that hold the subunits together. A model is proposed that can account for this possibility. It has the same dimensions and symmetry as a previous model of Feldman et al. [Feldman, S.R., Gonias, S.L., & Pizzo, S.V. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 5700-5704] and accounts in a similar way for previous functional studies of the protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Mammalian collagenase increases in early alcoholic liver disease and decreases with cirrhosis

To determine if alterations in collagen degradation may contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrosis and cirrhosis, we studied the hepatic collagenase activity of 20 baboons given alcohol containing diets or control diets under carefully controlled experimental conditions. We also studied 28 patients whose livers were biopsied for diagnostic purposes. Hepatic collagenase activity was significantly increased in baboons with fatty liver compared to levels in normal, control fed animals [(1.98 +/- 0.19 vs 1.20 +/- 0.08 units (microgram collagen digested/hour/mg liver protein) +/- S.E.M., p less than 0.001)]. The increase in hepatic collagenase activity persisted at the stage of fibrosis when compared to the activity in control baboons (2.16 +/- 0.07 vs 1.20 +/- 0.08 units +/- S.E.M., p less than 0.001). A single cirrhotic baboon available for study had an hepatic collagenase activity of 1.58 units. Patients with hepatic fibrosis had significantly higher hepatic collagenase activity than those with fatty livers [(9.12 +/- 0.94 (n =14) vs 4.52 +/- 0.54 (n = 7) units +/- S.E.M., p less than 0.001)]. However, in the group with cirrhosis, hepatic collagenase was lower [(3.92 +/- 0.61 (n = 7) units +/- S.E.M., p less than 0.001)] than in the group with fibrosis. Our findings suggest that the development of cirrhosis is coincident with, or favored by a failure of hepatic collagen degradative enzymes to keep pace with hepatic collagen synthesis.     

Antithrombin reactions with alpha- and gamma-thrombins.

Human alpha-thrombin with high clotting activity and its proteolyzed derivative gamma-thrombin with virtually no clotting activity reacted in an essentially identical manner with antithrombin. The two enzyme forms bound proflavin with similar constants and showed identical behavior with small substrates. No significant differences were found for the antithrombin reactions (measured by proflavin displacement or active site titration) with respect to kinetics, extent of reaction, or effect of added heparin. The enzyme--antithrombin complexes could not be dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) but the NaDodSO4-denatured complexes were dissociated by hydroxylamine treatment. The gamma-thrombin-antithrombin complex has an approximate molecular weight of 75 000 by disc gel electrophoresis as compared with 100 000 for the alpha-complex, consistent with the polypeptide structures of the two proteins. The gamma-thrombin--antithrombin complex did not inhibit clotting catalyzed by alpha-thrombin. In addition, fibrinogen did not affect the reaction of gamma-thrombin with antithrombin or antithrombin--heparin. Thus, the antithrombin and antithrombin--heparin reactions do not involve the fibrinogen recognition sites which are destroyed by proteolytic conversion of alpha-thrombin to the noncoagulant gamma form.     

Acetoacetate reduces growth and ATP concentration in cancer cell lines which over-express uncoupling protein 2

Background  

Recent evidence suggests that several human cancers are capable of uncoupling of mitochondrial ATP generation in the presence of intact tricarboxylic acid (TCA) enzymes. The goal of the current study was to test the hypothesis that ketone bodies can inhibit cell growth in aggressive cancers and that expression of uncoupling protein 2 is a contributing factor. The proposed mechanism involves inhibition of glycolytic ATP production via a Randle-like cycle while increased uncoupling renders cancers unable to produce compensatory ATP from respiration.     

Biphasic control of polymorphonuclear cell migration by Kupffer cells. Effect of exposure to metabolic products of ethanol

In order to investigate the role of the Kupffer cells in the regulation of the inflammatory reaction seen in alcoholic hepatitis, rat liver Kupffer cells were cultured and exposed to products of ethanol metabolism. The resultant supernatants were tested to study their ability to stimulate or inhibit polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis. Kupffer cells produced increased chemokinetic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (84 +/- 6 vs. 61 +/- 4 randomly migrating cells per 5 high power fields; p less than 0.01); when incubated with soluble products of microsomal peroxidation, the Kupffer cells engendered more chemokinetic activity than that produced by untreated Kupffer cells (106 +/- 6 vs. 84 +/- 6 cells per 5 high power fields; p less than 0.05). When Kupffer cells were incubated with acetaldehyde, the chemokinetic activity that appeared in the supernatant did not differ from control (51 +/- 3 vs. 61 +/- 4 randomly migrating cells per 5 high power fields; p = NS). Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear cells was not observed when the Kupffer cell supernatants were tested by checkerboard analysis. Kupffer cells released a factor which, at different concentrations, inhibited the response of polymorphonuclear cells to the synthetic polypeptide chemotactic factor f-met-leu-phe by 47% (p less than 0.001). This effect was unchanged when the cells were exposed to acetaldehyde or to soluble products of microsomal peroxidation. Our results demonstrate that Kupffer cells are capable of stimulating or inhibiting polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis and that some of these effects may be influenced by the products of ethanol metabolism, suggesting that Kupffer cells may play an important role in the regulation of the inflammatory reaction seen in alcoholic hepatitis.     

Interferon-gamma enhances target cell sensitivity to monocyte killing

The mechanism of human peripheral blood monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated using the HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma line, A673 human rhabdomyosarcoma line, and A375 human melanoma line as target cells. Pretreatment of these target cells with 100 U/ml of recombinant human interferon (IFN)-gamma for 48 hr increased their susceptibility to monocyte killing. Increased susceptibility to the lytic action was particularly pronounced at low effector/target cell ratios. Unlike IFN-gamma human IFN-alpha did not potentiate monocyte cytotoxicity, and pretreatment of HT-29 with IFN-alpha also had virtually no effect on their susceptibility to monocyte killing. However, IFN-gamma appeared to prime either monocytes or target cells to become responsive to IFN-alpha. Our data suggest that IFN-gamma can promote the killing of tumor cells by monocytes through two separate actions, one on the monocyte and one on the target cell.     

Characterization and affinity crosslinking of receptors for tumor necrosis factor on human cells

Receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were characterized in the U-937 human histiocytic lymphoma cell line with the aid of highly purified recombinant human TNF, radiolabeled with 125I. Saturation binding to specific cell surface receptors occurred with less than 15% nonspecific binding. Analysis of the equilibrium binding data obtained at 4 degrees C revealed a single class of noninteracting binding sites. The mean number of binding sites per cell was calculated to be 12,000, and the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) was 2 X 10(-10) M. Crosslinking of 125I-TNF to the cell surface receptor with disuccinimidyl suberate, followed by NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell lysate, revealed a TNF-receptor complex with a molecular weight of approximately 100,000. Binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose suggested that the TNF receptor is a glycoprotein.