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1.
Winnie W.Y. Lau Marlene M. Martinez 《Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology》2003,295(1):1-21
Hydrodynamic forces can affect survival as well as limit the movement of motile benthic animals. An animal's danger of dislodgement depends on the hydrodynamic forces it experiences in its microhabitat relative to the force required to dislodge it (tenacity) from the substratum. We measured water flow and substratum characteristics in two different habitats of the shore crab Pachygrapsus crassipes: a wave-swept rocky shore and an intertidal mudflat. The maximum water velocities and accelerations in the microhabitats of the crabs at the wave-swept site were three times and two times greater, respectively, than at the mudflat site. In the laboratory, we measured the tenacity of crabs of various sizes on different substrata, and also measured their drag, lift and added-mass coefficients. Using these data, we calculated the flow conditions under which crabs would be overturned or sheared off the substratum in their two habitats. The net horizontal force (drag plus acceleration reaction) required to dislodge a crab on a rugose rock substratum was an order of magnitude greater than on smooth rock and two orders of magnitude greater than on mud. Our calculations indicate that, under non-storm conditions, crabs will not be dislodged from the substratum in either the mudflat or the wave-swept habitat when grasping the substratum with maximum tenacity. Moving crabs have lower tenacity and our calculations predict that hydrodynamic forces will restrict the mobility of large crabs more than that of small ones on smooth, but not on rugose rock. 相似文献
2.
Federico Giri Pablo Collins 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2014,113(4):914-930
South America has been influenced by different geoclimatic events ever since its separation from Africa. The inland water fauna has evolved in response to the changing landscape. Currently, there are indications of variations in populations, occurring to different degrees that would indicate a clinal pattern in morphology. Among South America's fauna, the freshwater anomuran, Aegla, is an enigmatic group as a result of its endemicity and is composed of only one genus. Of all the species in this family, Aegla uruguayana has the broadest distribution. Its native habitats have been influenced by several marine transgressions during the Miocene–Quaternary Periods; thus, it is likely that their current distribution has been more recent. Its habitat spreads across a number of isolated basins and sub‐basins that display distinct degrees of isolation/connection, making clinal variation patterns in the morphology of this species possible. The present study aimed to evaluate the pattern of carapace shape variation in A. uruguayana and how it relates to the isolation and/or connection of populations from different basins and sub‐basins, allowing the determination of any extant clinal patterns. The specimens studied belong to 25 separate populations, representing all areas in which the species currently exists. A total of 523 crabs were analyzed. We identified 13 landmarks and four semi‐landmarks in the carapace. The aeglids were divided into seven size intervals to avoid an allometry effect. In each size category, shape relationships analyzed by principal component analysis suggest a geographical pattern corresponding to the distribution of the populations studied. An evaluation of covariation between body shape and geographical coordinates reveals a strong pattern and shows that population distribution had a significant effect on species morphology. Additionally, according to covariance analysis, the variation in shape was not associated with the environmental variables studied. We observed a clinal pattern throughout the species distribution, which could be attributed to genetic drift. It is possible that this process is being amplified by the geographical isolation of the basins, differences in environmental characteristics, and low dispersal ability. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113 , 914–930. 相似文献
3.
Dominique Martinez Antoine Chaffiol Nicole Voges Yuqiao Gu Sylvia Anton Jean-Pierre Rospars Philippe Lucas 《PloS one》2013,8(4)
Insects and robots searching for odour sources in turbulent plumes face the same problem: the random nature of mixing causes fluctuations and intermittency in perception. Pheromone-tracking male moths appear to deal with discontinuous flows of information by surging upwind, upon sensing a pheromone patch, and casting crosswind, upon losing the plume. Using a combination of neurophysiological recordings, computational modelling and experiments with a cyborg, we propose a neuronal mechanism that promotes a behavioural switch between surge and casting. We show how multiphasic On/Off pheromone-sensitive neurons may guide action selection based on signalling presence or loss of the pheromone. A Hodgkin-Huxley-type neuron model with a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel reproduces physiological On/Off responses. Using this model as a command neuron and the antennae of tethered moths as pheromone sensors, we demonstrate the efficiency of multiphasic patterning in driving a robotic searcher toward the source. Taken together, our results suggest that multiphasic On/Off responses may mediate olfactory navigation and that SK channels may account for these responses. 相似文献
4.
Servais P Martinez J Billen G Vives-Rego J 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1987,53(8):1977-1979
Determination of [H] thymidine incorporation into bacterial DNA versus other macromolecules is usually achieved by NaOH and hot trichloroacetic acid hydrolysis. This procedure was found not to be specific enough. An alternative method founded on DNase treatment is proposed. Under the new method, the fraction of thymidine incorporated into DNA ranged from 10 to 83%. 相似文献
5.
6.
Endosymbiotic origin and codon bias of the nuclear gene for chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from maize 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Henner Brinkmann Pascal Martinez Françoise Quigley William Martin Rüdiger Cerff 《Journal of molecular evolution》1987,26(4):320-328
Summary The nuclei of plant cells harbor genes for two types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) displaying a sequence divergence corresponding to the prokaryote/eukaryote separation. This strongly supports the endosymbiotic theory of chloroplast evolution and in particular the gene transfer hypothesis suggesting that the gene for the chloroplast enzyme, initially located in the genome of the endosymbiotic chloroplast progenitor, was transferred during the course of evolution into the nuclear genome of the endosymbiotic host. Codon usage in the gene for chloroplast GAPDH of maize is radically different from that employed by present-day chloroplasts and from that of the cytosolic (glycolytic) enzyme from the same cell. This reveals the presence of subcellular selective pressures which appear to be involved in the optimization of gene expression in the economically important graminaceous monocots. 相似文献
7.
The rate of hydrolysis of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo [a]pyrene (BPDE) to tetrahydroxy derivatives (tetrols) in the presence of various subcellular fractions of rat liver was investigated. Microsomes and nuclei increased the half-life of BPDE in a concentration-dependent manner whereas cytosol had no such effect. The presence of 1 mg microsomal protein/ml increased the half-life of BPDE from 4 to 60 min at 22 degrees C and from 1.5 to 20 min at 37 degrees C. Nuclei equivalent of 500 micrograms DNA/ml increased the half-life from 1.9 to 3.6 min at 37 degrees C. Liposomes prepared from microsomal lipids mimicked the effect of microsomes indicating that BPDE is stabilized primarily by interacting with lipids. The significance of these interactions for the stability of BPDE in an intact cell system was evaluated by using isolated hepatocytes. In these cells the half-life of BPDE was substantially shorter (1 min at 5 X 10(6) cells/ml) than in buffer (3 min). However, hydrolysis of BPDE to tetrols was a minor reaction (less than or equal to 3% of added BPDE at a cell density greater than or equal to 5 X 10(6) cells/ml) and the main route of elimination (greater than or equal to 75%) was through conjugation with glutathione. 相似文献
8.
J. Ruiz-Herrera J. P. Martinez M. Casanova M. L. Gil R. Sentandreu 《Archives of microbiology》1987,149(2):156-162
Cells from the slime variant of Neurospora crassa were broken in isotonic conditions by use of triethanolamine buffer plus EDTA. After removal of large membranous structures by low-speed centrifugation, chitosomes and secretory vesicles were separated by means of gel filtration, precipitation of membranous contaminants with Concanavalin A, and centrifugation in sucrose or glycerol gradients. Polypeptidic composition of fractions enriched in secretory vesicles or chitosomes was found to be distinct. By these criteria we concluded that chitosomes and secretory vesicles represent different populations of microvesicles. Both microvesicular populations appeared free of endoplasmic reticulum and vacuolar contaminants as demonstrated by determination of appropriate enzymatic markers.Abbreviations ER
Endoplasmic reticulum
- UDP-GlcNAc
uridine-5-diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine
- GlcNAc
N-acetyl glucosamine
- SDS
sodium dodecyl sulfate
- PMSF
phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride
- EDTA
ethylene diamino tetraacetic acid
Investigador Nacional de Mexico. On leave from the Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados (IPN), and the Universidad de Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico 相似文献
9.
Acetyl-cholinesterase and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activities in dorsal root ganglia in the rat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J A Vega C Rodriguez M Medina A Martinez Telleria M E Bengoechea A Perez-Casas 《Cellular and molecular biology, including cyto-enzymology》1989,35(1):39-46
Acetylcholinesterase and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activities were contrasted in alternative serial sections of rat dorsal root ganglia. The morphometric analysis demonstrated no correlation between cellular size and enzymatic activity. Differences with previous works in this area are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Manic depressive illness not linked to factor IX region in an independent series of pedigrees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P V Gejman S Detera-Wadleigh M M Martinez W H Berrettini L R Goldin J Gelernter W T Hsieh E S Gershon 《Genomics》1990,8(4):648-655
We studied seven informative kindreds segregating for manic depressive illness (MDI), consistent with X-chromosome transmission of the trait (families do not show affective disease in both a father and a son), using markers mapped to the region of Xq27-Xq28. The lod scores were consistently below -2 in the region extending from about 10 cM centromeric from the Factor IX locus (F9) to the colorblindness region. This study does not replicate previous reports of linkage of MDI to Factor IX (Xq27) and colorblindness region (Xq28) chromosomal markers in other kindreds. 相似文献