A microassay for analysis of serum sulfate

A simple assay for analysis of sulfate in a 100-μl volume of serum is described. Selective precipitation of ¹³³Ba after removal of protein with trichloroacetic acid is reproducible and accurate. In particular, no major interference from calcium or phosphate within the physiological range of concentration is found.     

Biological control ofMythimna separata [Lep.: noctuidae] in New Zealand and its bearing on biological control strategy

A survey of parasites ofAgrotis spp. was carried out in Pakistan to find promising species for trial against noctuids especiallyAgrotis spp. andMythimna separata (Walker) in New Zealand. The parasites recorded wereApanteles ruficrus Haliday,Macrocentrus collaris Spinola,Periscepsia carbonaria Panzer,Turanogonia smirnovi,Rohdain,Ctenichneumon panzeri Wesmael andAnthrax sp. All exceptAnthrax sp. were supplied to New Zealand whereA. ruficrus andM. collaris were released in large numbers.A. ruficrus became established and is giving excellent control ofM. separata resulting in enormous economic gains. Recently it has also been recovered fromAgrotis spp. This example of biological control is significant in thatM. separata has been controlled by a parasite that was previously known from it in New Zealand. The specific status of the “A. ruficrus” already present in New Zealand requires investigation.     

Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan

Eighteen binary polymorphisms and 16 multiallelic, short-tandem-repeat (STR) loci from the nonrecombining portion of the human Y chromosome were typed in 718 male subjects belonging to 12 ethnic groups of Pakistan. These identified 11 stable haplogroups and 503 combination binary marker/STR haplotypes. Haplogroup frequencies were generally similar to those in neighboring geographical areas, and the Pakistani populations speaking a language isolate (the Burushos), a Dravidian language (the Brahui), or a Sino-Tibetan language (the Balti) resembled the Indo-European-speaking majority. Nevertheless, median-joining networks of haplotypes revealed considerable substructuring of Y variation within Pakistan, with many populations showing distinct clusters of haplotypes. These patterns can be accounted for by a common pool of Y lineages, with substantial isolation between populations and drift in the smaller ones. Few comparative genetic or historical data are available for most populations, but the results can be compared with oral traditions about origins. The Y data support the well-established origin of the Parsis in Iran, the suggested descent of the Hazaras from Genghis Khan's army, and the origin of the Negroid Makrani in Africa, but do not support traditions of Tibetan, Syrian, Greek, or Jewish origins for other populations.     

Frequency of CCR5 Gene 32-bp deletion in Pakistani ethnic groups

CCR5 is a G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor that is used as a co-factor by macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) isolates of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) to gain entry into host cells. A 32-bp deletion in the CCR5 gene (CCR5-Delta32) leads to the production of an altered gene product that prevents HIV-1 from entering the host cell. This study was carried out to determine prevalence of CCR5-Delta32 allele frequency in a large Pakistani population sample (n = 821) representing 10 ethnic groups. No individual was homozygous for the mutant allele and the frequency of the CCR5-Delta32 allele ranged from 0.62% to 3.57%. The CCR5-Delta32 allele frequency was generally lower in populations from southern Pakistan. The overall frequency of the CCR5-Delta32 allele in Pakistan was 2.31%, which is much lower than that found in European populations and similar to that in the Middle East. This is consistent with the historical records and genetic data that indicate a close genetic affinity among these populations. This study demonstrates that the Pakistani population is highly susceptible to M-tropic isolates of HIV-1 and public health measures need to be enforced with urgency if Pakistan is to avoid an HIV epidemic.     

The Kalash Genetic Isolate: Ancient Divergence,Drift, and Selection

The Kalash represent an enigmatic isolated population of Indo-European speakers who have been living for centuries in the Hindu Kush mountain ranges of present-day Pakistan. Previous Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers provided no support for their claimed Greek descent following Alexander III of Macedon''s invasion of this region, and analysis of autosomal loci provided evidence of a strong genetic bottleneck. To understand their origins and demography further, we genotyped 23 unrelated Kalash samples on the Illumina HumanOmni2.5M-8 BeadChip and sequenced one male individual at high coverage on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. Comparison with published data from ancient hunter-gatherers and European farmers showed that the Kalash share genetic drift with the Paleolithic Siberian hunter-gatherers and might represent an extremely drifted ancient northern Eurasian population that also contributed to European and Near Eastern ancestry. Since the split from other South Asian populations, the Kalash have maintained a low long-term effective population size (2,319–2,603) and experienced no detectable gene flow from their geographic neighbors in Pakistan or from other extant Eurasian populations. The mean time of divergence between the Kalash and other populations currently residing in this region was estimated to be 11,800 (95% confidence interval = 10,600−12,600) years ago, and thus they represent present-day descendants of some of the earliest migrants into the Indian sub-continent from West Asia.     

Biological control ofCuscuta spp. II. Biology and host-plant range ofMelanagromyza cuscutae Hering [Dipt. agromyzidae]

Résumé Melanagromyza cuscutae Hering était considéré comme un agent biotique prometteur pour la lutte biologique contre la Cuscute. Dans les conditions de laboratoire, les imagos en présence de Cuscute et d'une solution de miel s'accouplent 1 à 4 jours après leur émergence, habituellement le matin, pendant 2 à 5 heures. Les femelles pondent 2 à 8 jours plus tard et cela durant 6 à 15 jours; au cours de leur vie (8 à 21 jours), chaque femelle dépose 11 à 132 œufs avec un maximum de 31 œufs dans une journée. L'éclosion des œufs se produit après 1 ou 2 jours. Les 3 stades larvaires et le stade pupe durent respectivement 7 à 8 et 8 à 13 jours. La ponte détermine une hyperplasie des cellules de la plante h?te et le forage des tiges entra?ne leur durcissement, leur noircissement puis leur dessiccation sur 10 cm. Un fort parasitisme (60–70%) par 6 espèces d'Hyménoptères a été observé en mai et juin. La Mouche était active en mars-avril et septembre–novembre en plaine et en juin–juillet en montagne, lorsque les températures étaient comprises entre 17 et 23°C. Les périodes défavorables sont passées à l'état de pupe dans les tiges minées. Les tests de spécificité ont montré que les femelles fécondées refusent de pondre dans 81 espèces de plantes appartenant à 42 familles. Seuls,Tradescantia sp. etIpomoea batatas re?urent chacune 1 œuf qui évolua normalement tandis que la larve n'a pas poursuivi son développement. L'alimentation de l'adulte surCuscuta semble essentielle pour la reproduction: en l'absence de cette plante, l'accouplement et le développement ovarien n'ont pas lieu.      

Genetic instability in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines are commonly used to provide an inexhaustible supply of DNA. We examined microsatellite instability in these cell lines in 35 individuals where DNA was available from the original blood samples and from cultured cell lines. Mutations were observed in 0.3% of the analyses, thus providing a quantitative measure of somatic mutation rate.     

The genetic legacy of the Mongols

We have identified a Y-chromosomal lineage with several unusual features. It was found in 16 populations throughout a large region of Asia, stretching from the Pacific to the Caspian Sea, and was present at high frequency: approximately 8% of the men in this region carry it, and it thus makes up approximately 0.5% of the world total. The pattern of variation within the lineage suggested that it originated in Mongolia approximately 1,000 years ago. Such a rapid spread cannot have occurred by chance; it must have been a result of selection. The lineage is carried by likely male-line descendants of Genghis Khan, and we therefore propose that it has spread by a novel form of social selection resulting from their behavior.