Host-Parasite Interactions and Purifying Selection in a Microsporidian Parasite of Honey Bees

To clarify the mechanisms of Nosema ceranae parasitism, we deep-sequenced both honey bee host and parasite mRNAs throughout a complete 6-day infection cycle. By time-series analysis, 1122 parasite genes were significantly differently expressed during the reproduction cycle, clustering into 4 expression patterns. We found reactive mitochondrial oxygen species modulator 1 of the host to be significantly down regulated during the entire infection period. Our data support the hypothesis that apoptosis of honey bee cells was suppressed during infection. We further analyzed genome-wide genetic diversity of this parasite by comparing samples collected from the same site in 2007 and 2013. The number of SNP positions per gene and the proportion of non-synonymous substitutions per gene were significantly reduced over this time period, suggesting purifying selection on the parasite genome and supporting the hypothesis that a subset of N. ceranae strains might be dominating infection.     

广东省种子植物分布新资料

报道广东省种子植物分布新记录2属——甜茅属(Glyceria R. Br.)及锦鸡儿属(Caragana Fabr.)，2个新记录种——甜茅[Glyceria acutiflora subsp. japonica (Steud.) T. Koyama et Kawano]及锦鸡儿[Caragana sinica (Buc’hoz) Rehder]，均发现于丹霞山国家级自然保护区。新记录的发现对于研究丹霞山的区系发生具有一定指示意义。     

P物质在家兔延髓腹侧面加压区的升压作用及其机制探讨

在乌拉坦麻醉，三碘季铵酚制动，人工呼吸的家兔上观察到，延髓腹侧面加压区给予Ｐ物质使血压呈剂量依赖性升高，但对心率无明显影响。ＶＳＭｐ给予ＳＰ受体阻断使ＢＰ明显降低并可阻断ＳＰ升压效应，ＶＳＭｐ给予酚妥拉明或哌唑嗪预处理使ＳＰ升压效应减弱或消失，而给予育亨宾或心得安对ＳＰ升压效应无明显影响。ＶＳＭｐ给予ＳＰ可使肾交感神经放电显著增加，并伴有ＢＰ显著升高；ＶＳＭｐ给予ＤＳＰ使ＲＳＮＤ和ＢＰ明显降低并可     

Oat leaf base: tissue with an efficient regeneration capacity

Summary An efficient short term regeneration system using seedling derived oat (Avena sativa) leaf tissue has been developed. Callus derived from the leaf base showed a higher response of plant regeneration than callus initiated from mesocotyls and more mature parts of the leaves. A correlation between the nuclear DNA content of the donor material, as analysed with flow cytometry, and its ability to form callus was observed. Somatic embryogenesis was histologically recognised from callus derived from tissue close to the apical meristem. Plant regeneration media with various concentrations of auxin were tested. Callus from three different cultivars had a similar regeneration potential with an optimal regeneration frequency of 60%. About 2 months after inoculation regenerated plantlets could be moved to a greenhouse for cultivation.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - DAPI 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - KT kinetin - MS Murashige and Skoog's medium - NAA naphthalene acetic acid     

电刺激兔延髓腹侧化学敏感区和压力敏感区对呼吸、血压,的影响及其中枢递质机制

电刺激麻醉兔延髓腹侧化学敏感区头端区引起潮气量(V_T)增加,呼吸频率(f)增快;电刺激压力敏感区(中间区)则使V_T减小,f亦增快。弱刺激时,两者均产生降压反应;刺激增强可诱发双相或升压反应。在出现周期性呼吸时,电刺激化学敏感区可使呼吸节律正常化、V_T增大,而电刺激压力敏感区则导致呼吸暂停。电刺激压力敏感区时,吸气时间(TI)和呼气时间(T_E)均缩短,以T_E变化更明显;由于V_T减小和T_I缩短,V_T/T_I保持相对不变,提示吸气终止的中枢阈值降低。在准备刺激的相应局部预先应用阿托品,可使电刺激化学敏感区产生的通气增强效应翻转,而对电刺激压力敏感区引起的通气抑制无明显影响;用印防己毒素则可选择性消除电刺激压力敏感区的通气抑制和降压效应。本工作表明延髓腹侧存在两个不同的中枢机制,其中化学敏感区产生的通气增强与胆碱能系统有关;压力敏感区产生的通气减弱效应与GABA系统有关。     

东亚飞蝗生殖的研究:雌蝗成虫卵巢发育过程中核酸和蛋白质的代谢与激素调节

本文报道东亚飞蝗交配后雌蝗卵巢中核酸和蛋白质的含量变化,以及孤雌生殖和雄蝗促性腺因子对卵巢中核酸和蛋白质代谢的影响。雌蝗羽化后7—10天进行交配,卵巢开始迅速发育,卵巢鲜重、总磷量以及蛋白质含量皆迅速增长,同时末端卵母细胞长度亦不断增加。到羽化第15天时卵巢已接近发育完成。末端卵母细胞长达6.2毫米。在各种磷化合物中,酸溶性部分在羽化15天时占总磷量的70%,磷脂磷可达20%。这表明酸溶性磷化合物和磷脂在卵巢发育过程中有较高的代谢和积累。卵巢中RNA-P增长28倍,DNA-P,增长6倍。RNA/DNA比值随着卵巢的发育而增加,这标志着蛋白质在卵巢中合成;对蛋白质含量的测定也证实了这一点。如果以RNA-P和DNA-P占总磷量的百分含量或以每百毫克卵巢鲜重计算其含量,则在卵巢发育过程中反而皆相对降低,表明卵巢中其他含磷化合物的积累优于核酸磷的增长。当雌蝗第一次产卵后,卵巢的各组成成份迅即减少,此后四天内卵巢中核酸和蛋白质的含量复可再度迅速增长,末端卵母细胞(即原未产卵前之末端第二卵母细胞)亦进一步长大,从而表现了卵巢发育的周期性变化。 人为隔离的孤雌生殖的雌蝗在羽化后40天内,卵巢发育缓慢,其末端卵母细胞长度增长缓慢,卵蜒中核酸和蛋白质的含量皆较低,相当于正常发育卵巢5—10天的水平。如将雄蝗脂肪体脂类提取物涂抹于羽化后5—7天雌蝗体表,则表现出促进雌蝗卵巢发育的作用,卵巢鲜重、卵巢中核酸等磷化合物和蛋白质含量,以及卵管中末端卵母细胞长度,在短时期内,基本上相同于正常交配对照的卵巢发育水平。因此证实:雄媓促健腺因子对卵巢发育过程中核酸和蛋白质代谢和合成起调节作用。这种调节因子可能是与保幼激素共同起作用的。     

蝗卵的研究Ⅳ.浸水对于蝗卵胚胎发育和死亡的影响

一、引言 东亚飞蝗常生长在湖滨、已干涸的河道、沿海边等长着禾本科杂草的低洼荒地;这些地方也就成为它们的产卵场所。蝗卵在产入土中之后须经一定时间方始孵化;夏蝗所产卵在自然情况下须经12天以上的孵育时间,秋蝗卵在越冬时在土中常长达7—8个月。蝗区每当雨季或湖、河的水位上涨时其有卵的地区常被淹没,使蝗卵在水中经过长短不一的