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1.
MAAS FRANK M.; DE KOK LUIT J.; PETERS JANNY L.; KUIPER PIETER J. C. 《Journal of experimental botany》1987,38(9):1459-1469
Maas, F. M., De Kok, L. J., Peters, J. L. and Kuiper, P. J.C. 1987. A comparative study on the effects of H2S and SO2 fumigationon the growth and accumulation of sulphate and sulphydryl compoundsin Trifolium pratense L., Glycine max Merr. and Phaseolus vulgarisL.J. exp. Bot. 38: 1459-1469. The effects of 025 mm3 dm3 H2S and SO2 on growth andsulphur content of shoots of Trifolium pratense, Glycine maxand Phaseolus vulgaris were studied. After 2 weeks of fumigationthe yield of T. pralense was reduced by 32% by H2S, but notaffected by SO2. Yield of G. max was not affected by H2S, butreduced by 20% by SO2, whereas that of P. vulgaris was increasedby 11% by H2S and not affected by SO2. Increases in sulphydrylcontent were already observed after 24 h of exposure to H2Sand SO2 in all plants. The increase was greatest in T. pratenseand smallest in P. vulgaris and, except for T. pratense, alwaysgreater in the H2S-exposed than the SO2-exposed plants. Oneday of exposure resulted in an increase in sulphate contentonly in the SO2-fumigated plants, with the highest accumulationin T. pratense and the lowest in P. vulgaris. After 2 weeksan increase in sulphate content was also observed in the H2S-exposedplants. This increase was also highest in T. pratense and lowestin P. vulgaris. Transpiration rate was not affected by a 24 h exposure to H2Sor SO2 and was highest in T. pratense, intermediate in G. maxand lowest in P. vulgaris. The order of theoretical rates of deposition of H2S and SO2correlated with the observed increases in sulphydryl contentduring the first 24 h of exposure in both H2S and SO2-fumigatedplants and with the increase in sulphate content in the SO2-exposedplants. The increases in sulphydryl content were only 8% ofthe theoretical H2S and SO2-deposition fluxes, whereas sulphateaccumulation accounted for at least 57% of the theoretical SO2-depositionflux. Key words: Air pollution, clover, French bean, Glutathione, Soybean, sulphur metabolism. 相似文献
2.
FRANK J. SULLOWAY 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1984,21(1-2):29-59
Charles Darwin's historic visit to the Galápagos Islands in 1835 represents a landmark in the annals of science. But contrary to the legend long surrounding Darwin's famous Galápagos visit, he continued to believe that species were immutable for nearly a year and a half after leaving these islands. This delay in Darwin's evolutionary appreciation of the Galápagos evidence is largely owing to numerous misconceptions that he entertained about the islands, and their unique organic inhabitants, during the Beagle voyage. For example, Darwin mistakenly thought that the Galápagos tortoise–adult specimens of which he did not collect for scientific purposes–was not native to these islands. Hence he apparently interpreted reports of island-to-island differences among the tortoises as analogous to changes that are commonly undergone by species removed from their natural habitats. As for Darwin's finches, Darwin initially failed to recognize the closely related nature of the group, mistaking certain species for the forms that they appear, through adaptive radiation, to mimic. Moreover, what locality information he later published for his Galápagos finch specimens was derived almost entirely from the collections of three other Beagle shipmates, following his return to England. Even after he became an evolutionist, in March of 1837 (when he discussed his Galápagos birds with the eminent ornithologist John Gould), Darwin's theoretical understanding of evolution in the Galápagos continued to undergo significant developments for almost as many years as it took him to publish the Origin of Species (1859). The Darwin-Galápagos legend, with its romantic portrait of Darwin's 'eureka-like' insight into the Galápagos as a microcosmic 'laboratory of evolution', masks the complex nature of scientific discovery, and, thereby, the real nature of Darwin's genius. 相似文献
3.
THE protozoan Spirostomum habituates to a series of mechanical shocks so that it no longer contracts to the stimulus; after several minutes the organisms have returned to their pre-stimulus level of sensitivity1. We propose a preliminary theory to explain this behaviour. 相似文献
4.
ROSEMARY REID DUDLEY COX HERMAN BAKER OSCAR FRANK 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1969,16(2):231-235
SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena pyriformis syngen 1, mating type II, (optimal growth temperature ∼ 37 C) ordinarily dies out in 5-14 days at 0-5 C. Dying cells were lumpy, suggesting membrane damage. By supplying crude soy lecithin, survival at 0-5 C was prolonged (after growth in peptone-yeast-dextrin) to at least 22 weeks. Crude soy sterols or sitosterol or stigmasterol, and antioxidant, e.g., Ionox 330 or ascorbylpalmitate, permitted survival of cells in suspension or in growth media for at least 16-22 weeks. These sterols are known to protect against triparanol toxicity, which suggested that triparanol, which blocks cholesterol synthesis in higher animals, might enhance cold-induced injury. Triparanol was more toxic at 0–5 than at 28 C for cell suspensions and cells in growth medium; this toxicity was annulled by crude soy lecithin or β-sitosterol, the only phytosterol tested. The synthetic medium intended as a control on the crude media became toxic at 0–5 C. Protection against cold damage is discussed as a means of elucidating the role of sterols—especially phytosterols—and other lipids in maintaining the integrity of the ciliate cell membrane. 相似文献
5.
The optimal regulation model by Mäkelä, Berningerand Hari (Annals of Botany 77: 461467, 1996) was appliedto data for photosynthesis and transpiration of Scots pine duringa 22-d drought period. There was a clear decrease in photosynthesisand transpiration during that period. The agreement betweenmodel and photosynthesis data was good. The residuals of photosynthesiswere not systematic with respect to temperature, irradianceor water vapour deficit. However, the model initially overestimatedtranspiration by 50%, although there was a clear linear relationshipbetween measured and estimated values. The results suggest thatthere was no decrease in photosynthetic capacity during theperiod, but a decrease in stomatal conductance was responsiblefor the changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. The observationsare similar to results in the literature. Transpiration; photosynthesis; stomatal conductance; drought; Pinus sylvestris 相似文献
6.
GERHARD C. CADÉE FRANK K. MCKINNEY 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》1994,27(1):59-66
The Neogene cheilostomatous bryozoan Celleporaria palmata lived facultatively in association with the scleractinian coral Culicia. For Culicia the association was obligatory; the symbiosis was most probably mutualistic. Benefits for the coral appear to have been: (1) the bryozoan provided substrate in a soft-bottom environment; (2) the coral could feed at higher levels above the sediment; (3) the feeding currents generated by the bryozoan provided the corals with food (no competition for food would occur as the coral would collect larger prey); and (4) the surrounding of the cordites by the bryozoan provided strength and lateral protection. Benefits for the bryozoan appear to have been: (1) the stinging cells of the coral provided protection against predators and settlers; (2) the positioning of the corals on the maculae saved the bryozoan subsequent energy expenditure in further construction of polymorphs and secondary calcification. Negative effects for the bryozoan might have been the inhibition of possible functions of the maculae other than as exhalant chimneys, e.g., production and generation of male gametes. *** Symbiosis, mutualism, C ulicia , C ryptangia , C elleporaria , Bryozoa, Scleractinia. 相似文献
7.
Leishmania donovani promastigotes in late-stationary phase incorporated label from [2-14C]acetate and [1-14C]laurate into the mannose residues of mannan, thus confirming the presence of a functional glyoxylate bypass in these parasitic protozoa. Isolated, washed calls also incorporated label from [2-14C]acetate and [1-14C]laurate into mannan during a 1-hr incubation in buffer. Glucose had no effect on label incorporation into mannan, but glutamate caused over a four-fold increase in incorporation from [2-14C]acetate and a 2.4-fold increase from [1-14C]laurate. Staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor that inhibits glutamate and alanine oxidation, did not inhibit label incorporation from [2-14C]acetate into mannan. Hyperosmolality caused about a 33% inhibition of label incorporation into mannan. These results show the glyoxylate cycle and/or the subsequent biosynthetic pathway from fructose-6-phosphate to mannan are subject to regulation. 相似文献
8.
MARDER EVE; ABBOTT LAURENCE F.; BUCHHOLTZ FRANK; EPSTEIN IRVING R.; GOLOWASCH JORGE; HOOPER SCOTT L.; KEPLER THOMAS B. 《Integrative and comparative biology》1993,33(1):29-39
SYNOPSIS. The stomatogastric nervous system of decapod crustaceansis an ideal system for the study of the processes underlyingthe generation of rhythmic movements by the nervous system.In this chapter we review recent work that uses mathematicalanalyses and computer simulations to understand: 1) the roleof individual currents in controlling the activity of neurons,and 2) the effects of electrical coupling on the activity ofneuronal oscillators. The aim of this review is to highlight,for the physiologist, what these studies have taught us aboutthe organization and function of single cell and multicellularneuronal oscillators. 相似文献
9.
10.
SUMMARY 1. We investigate the role of differential activity of chiro-nomids as an explanation for the size selection of small larvae by fish.
2. In the laboratory, pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus L.) selectively consumed large larvae of Chironomus tentans Fab. when no tube-building materials were available. Small larvae were selectively consumed when a mud substrate was provided but there was no difference in predation rates on large and small larvae in sand.
3. Small larvae spent more time out of their tubes than large larvae in the presence of fish, which may explain the selection for small larvae in mud. Large larvae apparently compensated for decreased foraging activity in the presence of fish by increasing activity when fish were absent. Visibility of large larvae inside tubes may account for their increased mortality in sand.
4. Our results suggest that differential activity is important in explaining the size-selective mortality observed in the field. 相似文献
2. In the laboratory, pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus L.) selectively consumed large larvae of Chironomus tentans Fab. when no tube-building materials were available. Small larvae were selectively consumed when a mud substrate was provided but there was no difference in predation rates on large and small larvae in sand.
3. Small larvae spent more time out of their tubes than large larvae in the presence of fish, which may explain the selection for small larvae in mud. Large larvae apparently compensated for decreased foraging activity in the presence of fish by increasing activity when fish were absent. Visibility of large larvae inside tubes may account for their increased mortality in sand.
4. Our results suggest that differential activity is important in explaining the size-selective mortality observed in the field. 相似文献