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1.
The breeding cycles of two species of sandy beach whelk (Bulliadigitalis and B. pura) are presented and compared with a thirdspecies (B. rhodostoma). In all three species, egg maturationand copulation occur in spring while summer marks the depositionand spawning of egg capsules. B. digitalis and B. pura migrateoffshore to lay their eggs, the juveniles of both species restrictingthemselves to beyond the breaker zone. Newly hatched snailsof B. rhodostoma appear in the intertidal towards late summer.The discovery of a penis-like structure on females of B. rhodostomais investigated. The pseudopenis was also found on B. pura butnever on B. digitalis. The possibility of a sex-change was eliminatedon the histological investigation of the gonads of a range ofsnails and the examination of sex-ratios over a period of fivemonths. General trends in reproductive behaviour are also discussed. (Received 18 March 1984; 相似文献
2.
The presence of the internal parasite (Aphidius matricariae) of the aphid Myzus persicae can be identified by electrophoresis, and staining of several enzyme systems, of which malate dehydrogenase is recommended as the most reliable. It is suggested that the technique could be extended to other small insects, and that pest populations can be screened for percentage parasitism as an adjunct to insecticide and integrated control field trials. 相似文献
3.
FRANÇOIS MUNOZ THIERRY PAILLER INGRID KOTTKE CÉDRIC GONNEAU MARC‐ANDRÉ SELOSSE 《Molecular ecology》2012,21(20):5098-5109
Characterizing the architecture of bipartite networks is increasingly used as a framework to study biotic interactions within their ecological context and to assess the extent to which evolutionary constraint shape them. Orchid mycorrhizal symbioses are particularly interesting as they are viewed as more beneficial for plants than for fungi, a situation expected to result in an asymmetry of biological constraint. This study addressed the architecture and phylogenetic constraint in these associations in tropical context. We identified a bipartite network including 73 orchid species and 95 taxonomic units of mycorrhizal fungi across the natural habitats of Reunion Island. Unlike some recent evidence for nestedness in mycorrhizal symbioses, we found a highly modular architecture that largely reflected an ecological barrier between epiphytic and terrestrial subnetworks. By testing for phylogenetic signal, the overall signal was stronger for both partners in the epiphytic subnetwork. Moreover, in the subnetwork of epiphytic angraecoid orchids, the signal in orchid phylogeny was stronger than the signal in fungal phylogeny. Epiphytic associations are therefore more conservative and may co‐evolve more than terrestrial ones. We suggest that such tighter phylogenetic specialization may have been driven by stressful life conditions in the epiphytic niches. In addition to paralleling recent insights into mycorrhizal networks, this study furthermore provides support for epiphytism as a major factor affecting ecological assemblage and evolutionary constraint in tropical mycorrhizal symbioses. 相似文献
4.
Allopatric isolation in glacial refugia has caused differentiation and speciation in many taxa globally. In this study, we investigated the nuclear and mitochondrial genetic differentiation of the long fingered bat, Myotis capaccinii during the ice ages in south-eastern Europe and Anatolia. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses indicated a suture zone similar to those recorded in other animal species, including bats, suggesting the association of more than one refugium with the region. Contrary to most of the other species where a suture zone was seen in Anatolia, for M. capaccinii the geographical location of the genetic break was in south-eastern Europe. This mitochondrial differentiation was not reflected in the nuclear microsatellites, however, suggesting that the lack of contact during the ice ages did not result in reproductive isolation. Hence taxonomically, the two mitochondrial clades cannot be treated as separate species. 相似文献
5.
Relative growth rate correlates negatively with pathogen resistance in radish: the role of plant chemistry 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
E. HOFFLAND G. J. NIEMANN J. A. VAN PELT J. B. M. PUREVEEN G. B. EIJKEL J. J. BOON H. LAMBERS 《Plant, cell & environment》1996,19(11):1281-1290
Plant growth rate has frequently been associated with herbivore defence: a large investment in quantitative defence compounds occurs at the expense of growth. We tested whether such a relationship also holds for growth rate and pathogen resistance. For 15 radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars, we determined the potential growth rate and the resistance to fungal wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. We subsequently aimed to explain a putative negative relationship between growth rate and resistance based on plant chemical composition. Both growth rate and resistance level varied greatly among cultivars. Moreover, there was a strong negative correlation between growth rate and resistance, i.e. there are costs associated with a high resistance level. Roots of slow-growing, resistant cultivars have a higher biomass density. Using pyrolysis mass spectrometry. we part1y explained variation in both growth rate and resistance in terms of the same change in chemical composition. Leaves of slow-growing, resistant cultivars contained more cell wall material. Surprisingly, roots of slow-growing, highly resistant cultivars contained significantly less cell wall material, and more cytoplasmic elements (proteins). We speculate that this higher protein concentration is related to high construction and turn-over costs and high metabolic activity. The latter in turn is thought to be responsible for a rapid and adequate resistance reaction, in which phenols may be involved. 相似文献
6.
Effects of global environmental change on carbon partitioning in vegetative plants of Triticum aestivum and closely related Aegilops species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
HANS LAMBERS RIKI VAN DEN BOOGAARD ERIK J. VENEKLAAS RAFAEL VILLAR 《Global Change Biology》1995,1(6):397-406
The use of fossil fuel is predicted to cause an increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, which will affect the global pattern of temperature and precipitation. It is therefore essential to incorporate effects of temperature and water supply on carbon partitioning of plants to predict effects of elevated [CO2] on growth and yield of Triticum aestivum. Although earlier papers have emphasized that elevated [CO2] favours investment of biomass in roots relative to that in leaves, it has now become clear that these are indirect effects, due to the more rapid depletion of nutrients in the root environment as a consequence of enhanced growth. Broadly generalized, the effect of temperature on biomass allocation in the vegetative stage is that the relative investment of biomass in roots is lowest at a certain optimum temperature and increases at both higher and lower temperatures. This is found not only when the temperature of the entire plant is varied, but also when only root temperature is changed whilst shoot temperature is kept constant. Effects of temperature on the allocation pattern can be explained largely by the effect of root temperature on the roots' capacity to transport water. Effects of a shortage in water supply on carbon partitioning are unambiguous: roots receive relatively more carbon. The pattern of biomass allocation in the vegetative stage and variation in water-use efficiency are prime factors determining a plant's potential for early growth and yield in different environments. In a comparison of a range of T. aestivum cultivars, a high water-use efficiency at the plant level correlates positively with a large investment in both leaf and root biomass, a low stomatal conductance and a large investment in photosynthetic capacity. We also present evidence that a lower investment of biomass in roots is not only associated with lower respiratory costs for root growth, but also with lower specific costs for ion uptake. We suggest the combination of a number of traits in future wheat cultivars, i.e. a high investment of biomass in leaves, which have a low stomatal conductance and a high photosynthetic capacity, and a low investment of biomass in roots, which have low respiratory costs. Such cultivars are considered highly appropriate in a future world, especially in the dryer regions. Although variation for the desired traits already exists among wheat cultivars, it is much larger among wild Aegilops species, which can readily be crossed with T. aestivum. Such wild relatives may be exploited to develop new wheat cultivars well-adapted to changed climatic conditions. 相似文献
7.
8.
OPERATION OF THE PURINE NUCLEOTIDE CYCLE IN ANIMAL TISSUES 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
AREN VAN WAARDE 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》1988,63(2):259-298
1. The operation of the purine nucleotide cycle, consisting of the enzymes adenylate deaminase (E.C. 3.5.4.6), adenylosuccinate synthetase (E.C. 6.3.4.4) and adenylosuccinate lyase (E.C. 4.3.2.2), has been reviewed with reference to its metabolic function in animal tissues.
2. Abundant evidence, both from in vitro and in vivo studies, suggests that the purine nucleotide cycle serves to stabilize the adenylate 'energy charge' (or 'phosphorylation potential') in the cytoplasm of vertebrate cells during a temporary imbalance between ATP-consumption and ATP-production. This stabilization, however, is absent or much less efficient in tissues of invertebrates.
3. The hypothesis that AMP-deaminase is involved in the regulation of glycolysis is not supported by recent work. In a variety of cell types, including skeletal muscle and blood platelets, blocking of AMP-deaminase activity (due to a genetic defect or to pharmacological inhibition) is without effect on the glycolytic rate. Detailed kinetic and histochemical analysis of energy metabolism shows lack of correlation between AMP-deaminase activity and glycolysis in skeletal muscle during exercise.
4. The purine nucleotide cycle appears to control the level of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. Pharmacological inhibition of adenylosuccinate lyase or adenylosuccinate synthetase leads to a reduced availability of four-carbon 'sparker' molecules to the Krebs cycle with a concomitant impairment of aerobic energy production during muscular work.
5. The cycle appears to be a major pathway for amino acid deamination in skeletal muscle and brain of vertebrates, but not in kidney or liver. 相似文献
2. Abundant evidence, both from in vitro and in vivo studies, suggests that the purine nucleotide cycle serves to stabilize the adenylate 'energy charge' (or 'phosphorylation potential') in the cytoplasm of vertebrate cells during a temporary imbalance between ATP-consumption and ATP-production. This stabilization, however, is absent or much less efficient in tissues of invertebrates.
3. The hypothesis that AMP-deaminase is involved in the regulation of glycolysis is not supported by recent work. In a variety of cell types, including skeletal muscle and blood platelets, blocking of AMP-deaminase activity (due to a genetic defect or to pharmacological inhibition) is without effect on the glycolytic rate. Detailed kinetic and histochemical analysis of energy metabolism shows lack of correlation between AMP-deaminase activity and glycolysis in skeletal muscle during exercise.
4. The purine nucleotide cycle appears to control the level of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. Pharmacological inhibition of adenylosuccinate lyase or adenylosuccinate synthetase leads to a reduced availability of four-carbon 'sparker' molecules to the Krebs cycle with a concomitant impairment of aerobic energy production during muscular work.
5. The cycle appears to be a major pathway for amino acid deamination in skeletal muscle and brain of vertebrates, but not in kidney or liver. 相似文献
9.
RAPHAEL LUGAN MARIE-FRANÇOISE NIOGRET LUCIE KERVAZO FRANÇOIS ROBERT LARHER JOACHIM KOPKA & ALAIN BOUCHEREAU 《Plant, cell & environment》2009,32(2):95-108
Metabolomic investigation of the freezing-tolerant Arabidopsis mutant esk1 revealed large alterations in polar metabolite content in roots and shoots. Stress metabolic markers were found to be among the most significant metabolic markers associated with the mutation, but also compounds related to growth regulation or nutrition. The metabolic phenotype of esk1 was also compared to that of wild type (WT) under various environmental constraints, namely cold, salinity and dehydration. The mutant was shown to express constitutively a subset of metabolic responses which fits with the core of stress metabolic responses in the WT. But remarkably, the most specific metabolic responses to cold acclimation were not phenocopied by esk1 mutation and remained fully inducible in the mutant at low temperature. Under salt stress, esk1 accumulated lower amounts of Na+ in leaves than the WT, and under dehydration stress its metabolic profile and osmotic potential were only slightly impacted. These phenotypes are consistent with the hypothesis of an altered water status in esk1 , which actually exhibited basic lower water content (WC) and transpiration rate (TR) than the WT. Taken together, the results suggest that ESK1 does not function as a specific cold acclimation gene, but could rather be involved in water homeostasis. 相似文献
10.
Cyanide-Resistant Root Respiration and Tap Root Formation in Two Subspecies of Hypochaeris radicata 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Root respiration of the tap root forming species Hypochaeris radicata L. was measured during tap root formation. A comparison was made of two subspecies: H. radicata L. ssp. radicata L., a subspecies from relatively rich soils, and H. radicata L. ssp. ericetorum Van Soest, a subspecies from poor acidic soils. Root respiration was high and to a large extent inhibited by hydroxamic acid (SHAM) before the start of the tap root formation, indicating a high activity of an alternative non-phosphorylative electron transport chain. The rate of root respiration was much lower and less sensitive to SHAM when a considerable tap root was present. However, root respiration was also cyanide-resistant when a tap root was present, indicating that the alternative pathway was still present. A decreased rate of root respiration coincided with an increase of the content of storage carbohydrates, mainly in the tap root. The level of reducing sugars was constant throughout the experimental period, and it was concluded that the activity of the alternative oxidative pathway was significant in oxidation of sugars that could not be utilized for purposes like energy production, the formation of intermediates for growth or for storage. Root respiration decreased after the formation of a tap root. This decrease could neither be attributed to a gradual disappearance of the alternative chain, nor to a decreased level of reducing sugars. No differences in respiratory metabolism between the two subspecies have been observed, suggesting that a high activity of the alternative oxidative pathway is not significant in adaptation of the present two subspecies to relatively nutrient-rich or poor soils. 相似文献