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NICOLAS FEAU MARIE‐JOSE BERGERON DAVID L. JOLY FABIEN ROUSSEL RICHARD C. HAMELIN 《Molecular ecology resources》2007,7(6):1222-1228
We report the discovery, characterization and validation of 118 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for poplar leaf rust Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae identified using a gene‐targeted approach in an expressed sequence tag (EST) library. We developed a genotyping assay using the iPLEX? primer extension method for two multiplex assays of 28 and 22 SNPs. 相似文献
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Geographic variation in antipredator behaviour within wide‐ranging species may be driven by both genetic and environmental influences. We quantified antipredator responses in neonatal (laboratory born, n = 555) and adult (field caught, n = 346) tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) from 11 mainland and island sites in southern Australia. We used these data to test predictions from Bonnet et al.'s hypothesis that the vigour of antipredator responses in this species reflects behavioural plasticity (in turn, driven by an individual snake's exposure to predators during its lifetime) rather than by genetic variation in this trait. We used the number of predator taxa in each area as an index of predator risk. As predicted, adult snakes from predator‐rich areas had more vigorous defensive responses when handled, whereas neonatal behaviour (although also variable among populations) was unrelated to predator species richness. Adult males bit more readily than adult females (as expected from the greater predation exposure of males during mate searching) but no such sex difference was evident in neonates. Although alternative models remain possible, our data are most consistent with the hypothesis that geographic divergence in antipredator tactics within this species primarily reflects developmentally plastic responses to local predation risk. 相似文献
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Although snakes traditionally have been regarded as asocial animals, recent studies have revealed complex interactions among neonatal snakes and their mothers. We noticed frequent aggregation by captive neonatal Australian elapids (tiger snakes, Notechis scutatus), and conducted simple experiments to clarify the proximate causation of, and potential consequences of, aggregative behaviour. Litters of neonates exhibited statistically significant aggregation (clustering) in empty containers, especially if the test area was subjected to rapid cooling. Aggregation was most pronounced inside shelter‐sites, and familiar shelters (i.e. containing scent cues from the litter) attracted snakes more than did novel (unscented) shelters. Snakes in larger aggregations cooled more slowly (reflecting their higher combined mass and thus, thermal inertia) and higher body temperatures facilitated neonatal locomotor performance, retreat‐site location and anti‐predator tactics. Plausibly, aggregation in neonatal tiger snakes (and other reptiles) functions to retard cooling rates, with the result that the young snakes are better able to evade or repel attacks by predators. 相似文献
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CÉLINE CARRET FABIEN WALAS BERNARD CARCY NATHALIE GRANDE ÉRIC PRÉCIGOUT KARINA MOUBRI THEO P. SCHETTERS RÉ GORENFLOT 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1999,46(3):298-301
The parasites Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni (phylum Apicomplexa) are responsible for canine babesiosis throughout the world. Babesia canis was previously described as a group of three biologically different subspecies, namely B. canis canis, B. canis vogeli, and B. canis rossi. We report partial sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (ssu-rDNA) of each subspecies amplified in vitro with primers derived from a semi-conserved region of the ssu-rDNA genes in other Babesia species. The polymerase chain reaction combined with a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, using HinfI and TaqI restriction enzymes, confirmed the separation of B. canis into three subspecies. These sequences were compared with previously published sequences of other Babesia species. A phylogenetic approach showed that the three subspecies of B. canis belong to the clade of Babesia species sensu stricto where B. canis canis clusters with B. canis rossi whereas B. canis vogeli might form a monophyletic group with the cluster B. divergens and B. odocoilei. Our results show that the three subspecies of B. canis can readily be differentiated at the molecular level and suggest that they might be considered as true species. 相似文献
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Abstract Geographic divergence in phenotypic traits between long‐isolated populations likely has a genetic basis, but can phenotypic plasticity generate such divergence rapidly in the initial stages of isolation? Australian tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus, Elapidae) provide a classic model system for the evolution of body size: mean adult sizes are relatively invariant in mainland populations, but many offshore islands have dwarf or giant populations. Previous work has shown a genetic basis to this divergence in long‐isolated islands (>10 000 years), but what of the initial stages of this process? Human translocation of mainland snakes to Carnac Island 90 years ago gives us a unique opportunity to assess the proximate reasons for the giant size of Carnac Island animals compared with mainland conspecifics. Our data suggest a major role for phenotypic plasticity. Feeding trials on captive snakes from both island and mainland populations showed a strong link between food intake and growth rates, similar in the two populations. Snakes given abundant food grew much larger than we have ever recorded in the wild, demonstrating that observed mean body sizes are driven by food availability rather than genetic limits to growth. In combination with earlier work showing genetic divergence in growth rates in snakes from long‐isolated islands, our data suggest that geographical divergence in mean adult body sizes in this system initially is driven by a rapid shift due to phenotypic plasticity, with the divergence later canalized by a gradual accumulation of genetic differentiation. 相似文献
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Clutch size manipulation, hatching success and offspring phenotype in the ball python (Python regius) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
FABIEN AUBRET XAVIER BONNET RICHARD SHINE STEPHANIE MAUMELAT 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2003,78(2):263-272
In a diverse array of avian and mammalian species, experimental manipulations of clutch size have tested the hypothesis that natural selection should adjust numbers of neonates produced so as to maximize the number of viable offspring at the end of the period of parental care. Reptiles have not been studied in this respect, probably because they rarely display parental care. However, females of all python species brood their eggs until hatching, but they do not care for their neonates. This feature provides a straightforward way to experimentally increase or reduce clutch size to see whether the mean clutch size observed in nature does indeed maximize hatching success and/or optimize offspring phenotypes. Eggs were removed or added to newly laid clutches of Ball Pythons ( Python regius ) in tropical Africa (nine control clutches, eight with 50% more eggs added, six with 42% of eggs removed). All clutches were brooded by females throughout the 2-month incubation period. Experimental manipulation of clutch-size did not significantly affect the phenotypes (morphology, locomotor ability) of hatchlings, but eggs in 'enlarged' clutches hatched later, and embryos were more likely to die before hatching. This mortality was due to desiccation of the eggs, with females being unable to cover 'enlarged' clutches sufficiently to retard water loss. Our results support the notion of an optimal clutch size, driven by limitations on parental ability to care for the offspring. However, the proximate mechanisms that generate this optimum value differ from those previously described in other kinds of animals. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2003, 78 , 263–272. 相似文献
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XAVIER BONNET SOPHIE LORIOUX DAVID PEARSON FABIEN AUBRET DON BRADSHAW VIRGINIE DELMAS THOMAS FAUVEL 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2011,103(3):668-680
Diverse interactions between factors that influence body size complicate the identification of the primary determinants of sexual size dimorphism. Using data from a long‐term field study (1997–2009), we examined the contributions of the main proximate factors potentially influencing sexual size dimorphism from birth to adulthood in tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus). Data on body size, body mass and body condition of neonates, juveniles and adults were obtained by mark–recapture. Frequent recaptures allowed us to monitor reproductive status, diet and food intake, and to estimate survival and growth rates in age and sex classes. Additional data from females held briefly in captivity enabled us to assess reproductive output and the body mass lost at parturition (proxies for reproductive effort). From birth to maturity, individuals of both sexes experienced similar growth and mortality rates. We found no difference in diet, feeding and survival rates between the sexes, nor between juveniles and adults. On maturity, despite comparable diet and food intake by both sexes, the high energy requirements of vitellogenesis and gestation were responsible for a depletion of body reserves and probably resulted in a marked decrease in growth rates. Males were largely exempt from such costs of reproduction, and so could grow faster than females and attain larger body sizes. The absence of niche divergence between the sexes (uniformity of habitat, lack of predators) suggests that the impact of differential energetic investment for reproduction on growth rate is probably the main proximate factor influencing sexual size dimorphism in this species. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 103 , 668–680. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT. The amoebae and amoeboid protists form a large and diverse assemblage of eukaryotes characterized by various types of pseudopodia. For convenience, the traditional morphology‐based classification grouped them together in a macrotaxon named Sarcodina. Molecular phylogenies contributed to the dismantlement of this assemblage, placing the majority of sarcodinids into two new supergroups: Amoebozoa and Rhizaria. In this review, we describe the taxonomic composition of both supergroups and present their small subunit rDNA‐based phylogeny. We comment on the advantages and weaknesses of these phylogenies and emphasize the necessity of taxon‐rich multigene datasets to resolve phylogenetic relationships within Amoebozoa and Rhizaria. We show the importance of environmental sequencing as a way of increasing taxon sampling in these supergroups. Finally, we highlight the interest of Amoebozoa and Rhizaria for understanding eukaryotic evolution and suggest that resolving their phylogenies will be among the main challenges for future phylogenomic analyses. 相似文献