Utilization of the human gamma-satellite insulator for the enhancement of anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Molecular Biology Reports - Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely employed as invaluable therapeutics for a vast number of human disorders. Several approaches have been introduced for the...     

Genotyping of –374A/T, –429A/G,And 63 bp Ins/Del Polymorphisms of Rage By Rapid One-Step Hexaprimer Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction in Breast Cancer Patients

Several studies have focused on the RAGE genetic background and have demonstrated that its polymorphisms affect the receptor's activity, expression, and downstream signaling. However, there is only little information regarding RAGE polymorphism in breast cancer. In the present study, the authors studied RAGE polymorphisms in 71 patients with breast cancer and 93 healthy women. RAGE –374T/A, –429T/C, and 63 bp Ins/del polymorphisms were analyzed using a hexaprimer amplification refractory mutation system PCR (H-ARMS-PCR). The results showed that RAGE polymorphisms are not associated with breast cancer in the current study population. Larger studies are required to confirm these data in other populations.     

Interactive graph-cut segmentation for fast creation of finite element models from clinical ct data for hip fracture prediction

In this study, we propose interactive graph cut image segmentation for fast creation of femur finite element (FE) models from clinical computed tomography scans for hip fracture prediction. Using a sample of N = 48 bone scans representing normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic subjects, the proximal femur was segmented using manual (gold standard) and graph cut segmentation. Segmentations were subsequently used to generate FE models to calculate overall stiffness and peak force in a sideways fall simulations. Results show that, comparable FE results can be obtained with the graph cut method, with a reduction from 20 to 2–5 min interaction time. Average differences between segmentation methods of 0.22 mm were not significantly correlated with differences in FE derived stiffness (R² = 0.08, p = 0.05) and weakly correlated to differences in FE derived peak force (R² = 0.16, p = 0.01). We further found that changes in automatically assigned boundary conditions as a consequence of small segmentation differences were significantly correlated with FE derived results. The proposed interactive graph cut segmentation software MITK-GEM is freely available online at https://simtk.org/home/mitk-gem.     

Immunohistochemical localization of irisin in skin,eye, and thyroid and pineal glands of the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

Irisin was first identified in muscle cells. We detected irisin immunoreactivity in various organs of the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata). In the epidermis, irisin immunoreactivity was localized mainly in stratum basale, stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum layers; immunoreactivity was not observed in the stratum corneum. In the dermis, irisin was found in the external and internal root sheath, cortex and medulla of hair follicles, and in sebaceous glands. Irisin immunoreactivity was found in the neural retina and skeletal muscle fibers associated with the eye. The pineal and thyroid glands also exhibited irisin immunoreactivity.     

Functional and morphological correlates of connexin50 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes

Electrophysiological and morphological methods were used to study connexin50 (Cx50) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Oocytes expressing Cx50 exhibited a new population of intramembrane particles (9.0 nm in diameter) in the plasma membrane. The particles represented hemichannels (connexin hexamers) because (a) their cross-sectional area could accommodate 24 +/- 3 helices, (b) when their density reached 300-400/microm2, they formed complete channels (dodecamers) in single oocytes, and assembled into plaques, and (c) their appearance in the plasma membrane was associated with a whole-cell current, which was activated at low external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o), and was blocked by octanol and by intracellular acidification. The Cx50 hemichannel density was directly proportional to the magnitude of the Cx50 Ca2+-sensitive current. Measurements of hemichannel density and the Ca2+-sensitive current in the same oocytes suggested that at physiological [Ca2+]o (1-2 mM), hemichannels rarely open. In the cytoplasm, hemichannels were present in approximately 0.1-microm diameter "coated" and in larger 0.2-0.5-microm diameter vesicles. The smaller coated vesicles contained endogenous plasma membrane proteins of the oocyte intermingled with 5-40 Cx50 hemichannels, and were observed to fuse with the plasma membrane. The larger vesicles, which contained Cx50 hemichannels, gap junction channels, and endogenous membrane proteins, originated from invaginations of the plasma membrane, as their lumen was labeled with the extracellular marker peroxidase. The insertion rate of hemichannels into the plasma membrane (80, 000/s), suggested that an average of 4,000 small coated vesicles were inserted every second. However, insertion of hemichannels occurred at a constant plasma membrane area, indicating that insertion by vesicle exocytosis (60-500 microm2 membranes/s) was balanced by plasma membrane endocytosis. These exocytotic and endocytotic rates suggest that the entire plasma membrane of the oocyte is replaced in approximately 24 h.     

Inhibition of Gap Junction Hemichannels by Chloride Channel Blockers

Electrophysiological methods were used to assess the effect of chloride-channel blockers on the macroscopic and microscopic currents of mouse connexin50 (Cx50) and rat connexin46 (Cx46) hemichannels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Oocytes were voltage-clamped at -50 mV and hemichannel currents (ICx50 or ICx46) were activated by lowering the extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) from 5 mM to 10 microM. Ion-replacement experiments suggested that ICx50 is carried primarily (>95%) by monovalent cations (PK : PNa : PCl = 1.0 : 0.74 : 0.05). ICx50 was inhibited by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (apparent Ki, 2 microM), gadolinium (3 microM), flufenamic acid (3 microM), niflumic acid (11 microM), NPPB (15 microM), diphenyl-2-carboxylate (26 microM), and octanol (177 microM). With the exception of octanol, niflumic acid, and diphenyl-2-carboxylate, the above agents also inhibited ICx46. Anthracene-9-carboxylate, furosemide, DIDS, SITS, IAA-94, and tamoxifen had no inhibitory effect on either ICx50 or ICx46. The kinetics of ICx50 inhibition were not altered at widely different [Ca2+]o (10-500 microM), suggesting that drug-hemichannel interaction does not involve the Ca2+ binding site. In excised membrane patches, application of flufenamic acid or octanol to the extracellular surface of Cx50 hemichannels reduced single channel-open probability without altering the single-channel conductance, but application to the cytoplasmic surface had no effect on the channels. We conclude that some chloride-channel blockers inhibit lens-connexin hemichannels by acting on a site accessible only from the extracellular space, and that drug-hemichannel interaction involves a high-affinity site other than the Ca2+ binding site.     

Molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus vSGLT: a model for sodium-coupled sugar cotransporters

The Na(+)/galactose cotransporter (vSGLT) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, tagged with C-terminal hexahistidine, has been purified to apparent homogeneity by Ni(2+) affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Resequencing the vSGLT gene identified an important correction: the N terminus constitutes an additional 13 functionally essential residues. The mass of His-tagged vSGLT expressed under its native promoter, as determined by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), verifies these 13 residues in wild-type vSGLT. A fusion protein of vSGLT and green fluorescent protein, comprising a mass of over 90 kDa, was also successfully analyzed by ESI-MS. Reconstitution of purified vSGLT yields proteoliposomes active in Na(+)-dependent galactose uptake, with sugar preferences (galactose > glucose > fucose) reflecting those of wild-type vSGLT in vivo. Substrates are transported with apparent 1:1 stoichiometry and apparent K(m) values of 129 mm (Na(+)) and 158 microm (galactose). Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of functional proteoliposomes shows intramembrane particles of a size consistent with vSGLT existing as a monomer. We conclude that vSGLT is a suitable model for the study of sugar cotransporter mechanisms and structure, with potential applicability to the larger SGLT family of important sodium:solute cotransporters. It is further demonstrated that ESI-MS is a powerful tool for the study of proteomics of membrane transporters.