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1.
The nature of downhill Ca2+ net-transport into human erythrocytes was investigated using the experimental models of Ca2+ pump inhibition by vanadate and of intracellular chelation of Ca2+ by quin2. Ca2+ uptake by erythrocytes loaded with 0.5 mM vanadate and suspended in 145 mM Na+ -5 mM K+ media was reduced by about 60% when medium K+ was raised to 80 mM. Organic and inorganic Ca2+ entry blockers such as nifedipine (10(-5) M), verapamil (10(-4) M), diltiazem (10(-4) M), Co2+ (1.5 mM) and Cu2+ (0.1 mM) as well as the K+ channel blocker quinidine (1mM) inhibited Ca2+ uptake in 145 mM Na+ -5 mM K+ media by 60-75%. Flunarizine was less effective. In vanadate-loaded cells suspended in 70 mM Na+ -80 mM K+ media, in contrast, flunarizine exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ uptake by up to 80% at 10(-5) M, the other blockers being ineffective (except for verapamil at 10(-4) M). A similar pattern of inhibition was seen in quin2-loaded erythrocytes. The different susceptibility towards inhibitors may indicate that passive Ca2+ uptake by vanadate-loaded erythrocytes suspended in 145 mM Na+ -5 mM K+ media, on the one hand, and by vanadate-loaded erythrocytes suspended in 70 mM Na+ -80 mM K+ media as well as by quin2-loaded erythrocytes, on the other hand, is mediated by two different transport components. 相似文献
2.
The location of the circadian pacemakers of the orthopteran Hemideina thoracica (White) has been investigated through observation of the effects of surgical removal of brain tissues (principally optic lobes and tracts) on free-running and entrained locomotor rhythms. Bilobectomy and severance of optic tracts invariably resulted in arrhythmicity, whereas rhythmicity was sustained following unilateral lobectomy, generally with increases in the free-running period (FRP) and decreases in both the active-phase lengths and activity-to-rest ratios of the rhythm. Bilobectomized subjects could be entrained by temperature cycles, but exhibited no transients or residual rhythmicity, indicating that temperature brought about a direct response or masking effect. These results support the hypothesis that the circadian locomotor pacemakers of Hemideina are located within each optic lobe, and that there are no extraoptic centers for the control of the timing of locomotor activity. Although confirmation of the pacemaker role of the optic lobes requires transplantation of the tissues, the conclusion may be drawn by inference from other studies (e.g., Leucophaea maderae--Page, 1983; Gryllus bimaculatus--Tomioka and Chiba, 1986). Light entrainment continued after surgical binding and blackening of the compound eyes and ocelli, supporting the view that direct illumination of neural tissue through the cuticle may be one possible pathway for light entrainment. 相似文献
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To investigate the development of the retinal layers, the eyes of mice with trisomy 19 have been examined by light microscopy between the 2nd and 15th postnatal day. The diameter of the eye, thickness of the entire retina and both relative thickness and nuclear density of each of the retinal layers have been measured and compared to those of chromosomally balanced control animals. Malformations of the eye, alterations of cell morphology or disturbed lamination can not be observed. Retinal differentiation of trisomy 19 mice is delayed by approximately two days. The development of all cellular constituents, i.e., of both neuroectodermal and mesenchymal origin, is retarded accordingly. The eyes of trisomy 19 mice are of reduced size. The relative thickness of each retinal layer follows a normal growth pattern; there is no indication for a selective impairment of the development of one particular layer. With the exception of the ganglion cell layer, nuclear densities of each retinal layer do not differ from those of control mice. The comparison of nuclear densities in the ganglion cell layer suggests that in trisomy 19 mice fewer postmitotic cells differentiate into mature retinal cells. 相似文献
7.
A comparative description of mitochondrial DNA differentiation in selected avian and other vertebrate genera 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13
Levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence divergence between species
within each of several avian (Anas, Aythya, Dendroica, Melospiza, and
Zonotrichia) and nonavian (Lepomis and Hyla) vertebrate genera were
compared. An analysis of digestion profiles generated by 13-18 restriction
endonucleases indicates little overlap in magnitude of mtDNA divergence for
the avian versus nonavian taxa examined. In 55 interspecific comparisons
among the avian congeners, the fraction of identical fragment lengths (F)
ranged from 0.26 to 0.96 (F = 0.46), and, given certain assumptions, these
translate into estimates of nucleotide sequence divergence (p) ranging from
0.007 to 0.088; in 46 comparisons among the fish and amphibian congeners, F
values ranged from 0.00 to 0.36 (F = 0.09), yielding estimates of P greater
than 0.070. The small mtDNA distances among avian congeners are associated
with protein-electrophoretic distances (D values) less than approximately
0.2, while the mtDNA distances among assayed fish and amphibian congeners
are associated with D values usually greater than 0.4. Since the
conservative pattern of protein differentiation previously reported for
many avian versus nonavian taxa now appears to be paralleled by a
conservative pattern of mtDNA divergence, it seems increasingly likely that
many avian species have shared more recent common ancestors than have their
nonavian taxonomic counterparts. However, estimates of avian divergence
times derived from mtDNA- and protein-calibrated clocks cannot readily be
reconciled with some published dates based on limited fossil remains. If
the earlier paleontological interpretations are valid, then protein and
mtDNA evolution must be somewhat decelerated in birds. The empirical and
conceptual issues raised by these findings are highly analogous to those in
the long-standing debate about rates of molecular evolution and times of
separation of ancestral hominids from African apes.
相似文献
8.
Methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes 总被引:23,自引:2,他引:21
Statistical methods for computing the standard errors of the branching
points of an evolutionary tree are developed. These methods are for the
unweighted pair-group method-determined (UPGMA) trees reconstructed from
molecular data such as amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences,
restriction-sites data, and electrophoretic distances. They were applied to
data for the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon species.
Among the four different sets of data used, DNA sequences for an
895-nucleotide segment of mitochondrial DNA (Brown et al. 1982) gave the
most reliable tree, whereas electrophoretic data (Bruce and Ayala 1979)
gave the least reliable one. The DNA sequence data suggested that the
chimpanzee is the closest and that the gorilla is the next closest to the
human species. The orangutan and gibbon are more distantly related to man
than is the gorilla. This topology of the tree is in agreement with that
for the tree obtained from chromosomal studies and DNA-hybridization
experiments. However, the difference between the branching point for the
human and the chimpanzee species and that for the gorilla species and the
human-chimpanzee group is not statistically significant. In addition to
this analysis, various factors that affect the accuracy of an estimated
tree are discussed.
相似文献
9.
Katrin Engelmann Peter Friedl 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1989,25(11):1065-1072
Summary Long-term cultivation of human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) was optimized with respect to different components of the
culture system: 25 different nutrient media, different sera, 6 mitogens and various substrates were tested in their ability
to influence clonal growth and morphology of HCEC. F99, a 1∶1 mixture of the two media M199 and Ham’s F12, was the most effective
basal medium in promoting clonal growth of HCEC. Among various sera, human serum and fetal bovine serum showed optimal growth
promoting activities in combination with F99, whereas newborn bovine serum (NBS) was by far superior for the development of
a typically corneal endothelial morphology. Crude fibroblast growth factor (FGF), or alternatively endothelial cell growth
supplement, was absolutely essential for clonal growth of HCEC at low serum concentrations, for example 5% NBS. Formation
of a monolayer with a morphology similar to corneal endothelium in vivo was observed only on culture dishes coated with basal
membrane components such as collagen type IV, laminin, or fibronectin. The most pronounced effect on morphologic appearance
was obtained by culturing the cells on the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by bovine corneal endothelial cells. Moreover,
ECM could substitute for crude FGF in clonal growth assays. 相似文献
10.
The molecular species composition of red blood cell diacyl-phosphatidylcholine (PC), diacyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and alkenylacyl-PE (plasmalogen PE) has been analyzed in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic donors. In all three phospholipid subclasses the percentages of the species 16:0/20:4 were increased in hyperlipidemic patients. In diacyl-PE, 18:1/20:4 was also elevated. No changes were observed in the other quantitatively important molecular species containing arachidonic acid at sn-2, namely 18:0/20:4. The rise in 16:0/20:4 in diacyl-PC and diacyl-PE of hyperlipidemic donors was accompanied by a fall in molecular species with linoleic acid (18:2) at sn-2 (in particular 18:1/18:2). In alkenylacyl-PE the elevation of 16:0/20:4 was compensated by a decrease in species with docosatetraenoic acid (22:4) at sn-2 in particular by a fall in 16:0/22:4. Among all donors, the percentages of 16:0/20:4 in diacyl-PC and PE were positively associated with plasma total cholesterol levels. The changes in molecular species composition of PC and PE in hyperlipidemia are expected to alter the function of erythrocyte membrane transport proteins and--if present also in other cell types--to affect eicosanoid metabolism. 相似文献