CAUSES OF DECREASES IN PRODUCTIVITY IN UNDISTURBED TALL GRASS PRAIRIE

There is abundant evidence that protection of the tall grass prairie from grazing, mowing, or burning for even a few years results in accumulation of much litter and reduced productivity. This reduced productivity has been attributed primarily to either the insulating effect of the litter, a lowered rate of mineral recycling, or a presence of toxins in the litter. Considerable evidence exists in the literature concerning the first suggestion, but no studies have been reported concerning the last two in grasslands. A comprehensive project was conducted during the growing season of 1977 in a tall grass prairie in Oklahoma to investigate the three suggestions. It was clear from our data that increased productivity as a result of mowing and burning was not due to the elimination of toxins nor to an increased rate of turnover of organic matter. Soil moisture stress was greater in the mowed and burned plots than in the controls. Thus, the single factor examined which was consistently different, and likely to explain the increased productivity, was the higher soil temperature in the burned and mowed plots early in the growing season. The four dominant grasses in the study plots are non-Festucoid species which are known to have high optimum temperatures for growth.     

ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF ANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS AND ITS PERSISTENCE IN OLD FIELDS

Aqueous extracts of fresh roots and shoots of Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) were found to be inhibitory to the growth of seedlings of Amaranthus palmeri, Bromus japonicus, Aristida oligantha, and Andropogon scoparius. The first two species are often important in the pioneer stage of old-field succession in eastern Oklahoma, Aristida is prominent in the second stage, and Andropogon scoparius is important later in succession including the climax Quercus stellata–Quercus marilandica savanna. Sterile dilute extracts of roots and shoots of broomsedge were inhibitory to two test species of Azotobacter, a free living nitrogen fixer, and to two species of Rhizobium, a symbiotic nitrogen fixer. Small amounts of decaying shoots of broomsedge (1 g per 454 g of soil) were very inhibitory to the growth of the four test species listed above and to Amaranthus retroflexus, another species often important in the first stage of succession. Similar amounts of decaying material in soil also significantly inhibited growth and nodulation of the two most important species of legumes in old-field succession in eastern Oklahoma, Lespedeza stipulacea and Trifolium repens. Broomsedge is known to compete vigorously and grow well on soils of low fertility, so the inhibition of nodulation of legumes could help keep the nitrogen supply low and give broomsedge a selective advantage in competition over species that have higher nitrogen requirements. The combined interference of broomsedge against other species resulting from competition and allelopathy could help explain why it invades old fields in 3–5 yr after abandonment from cultivation and remains so long in almost pure stands.     

INHIBITION OF NODULATION OF INOCULATED LEGUMES BY LEAF LEACHATES FROM PIONEER PLANT SPECIES FROM ABANDONED FIELDS

Leaf leachates of three forbs, Ambrosia psilostachya, Euphorbia supina, and Helianthus annuus, and three grasses, Arislida oligantha, Bromus japonicus, and Digitaria sanguinalis, all of which are important in the pioneer stages of old-field succession, were tested to see if they would affect nodulation of heavily inoculated red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), white clover (Trifolium repens), and Korean lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea) growing in soil. Leachates of all inhibitor species except Ambrosia psilostachya and Digitaria sanguinalis significantly reduced the nodule number of Korean lespedeza in at least one experiment. Nodule numbers of red kidney bean and white clover were not significantly reduced by any leachate. It is significant that Korean lespedeza is the most important legume in our revegetating old fields. In almost all experiments in which the nodule number was significantly reduced, the nodules were small and grey or at least not a bright pink as were the control nodules. Leachate of Helianthus annuus reduced the hemoglobin content of Korean lespedeza nodules per plant by 36 %, and Euphorbia supina reduced the hemoglobin content per clover plant by 24 % even though the nodule number was not changed significantly in the latter case. Based on previous research, this indicated a definite reduction in the nitrogen-fixing capacity of the test nodules. Root exudates of all six inhibitor species were previously found to reduce nodule numbers significantly in the three legume species as were very small amounts of decaying material (1 g per 454 g of soil) of each forb. It appears likely, therefore, that the inhibition of nodulation of legumes in old fields by the six species under test would slow the rate of addition of nitrogen and thus the rate of plant succession, because it was previously demonstrated that the order in which species enter our old fields is the same as the order based on increasing nitrogen requirements.     

Improved Sprouting and Growth of Mung Plants in Chromate Contaminated Soils Treated with Marine Strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus</Emphasis> Species

Marine bacteria possess a wide variety of bioremediation potential which is beneficial environmentally and economically. In this study, bacterial isolates from marine waters were screened for tolerance and growth in high concentrations of chromate (Cr⁶⁺). Two isolates, capable of tolerating Cr⁶⁺ concentrations 300 µg mL^?1 or higher, and found to completely reduce 20 µg mL^?1 Cr⁶⁺ were grown in Cr⁶⁺ (50 and 100 mg kg^?1) spiked garden soil. Notably, both facilitated normal germination and growth of mung (Vigna radiata) seeds, which could hardly germinate in Cr⁶⁺ spiked garden soil without either of these bacteria. In fact, large percent of mung seeds failed to sprout in the Cr⁶⁺ spiked garden soil and could not grow any further. Apparently, chromate detoxification by marine bacterial isolates and the ability of mung plants to deal with the reduced form appear to work complementarily. This study provides an insight into marine bacterial abilities with respect to chromium and potential applications in promoting growth of leguminous plants-similar to mung in particular-in Cr⁶⁺ contaminated soil.     

Digest: The evolution of sexual imprinting as an assortative mating mechanism*

In this issue, Yeh et al. (2018) investigated whether sexual imprinting could act as an assortative mating mechanism, reducing hybridization and increasing premating isolation. While they indeed find that imprinting leads to assortative mating and reduced hybridization, the strength at which imprinting evolves is usually intermediate, because it is counterbalanced by the costs of imprinting and the benefits of adaptive hybridization. Thus, while sexual imprinting can act as an assortative mating mechanism, it is often not the sole element of female mate choice.     

MECHANISM OF SEED DORMANCY IN AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA

Dormancy in Ambrosia artemisiifolia seeds was broken by 8 weeks of stratification. Germination of nondormant seeds was greater in light than in continuous darkness. Embryos of freshly harvested seeds were nondormant. Leaching and scarification did not stimulate germination of the dormant seeds. Exogenous gibberellin (GA₃) slightly increased germination of intact dormant seeds, and the effect was greatly increased by scarification. Germination was greater in the light in both tests. Exogenous indoleacetic acid did not stimulate germination of dormant seeds. Endogenous gibberellin and auxin content increased during stratification, and there was also a significant increase in GA during post-stratification at a favorable germination temperature. Inhibitors in the dormant seeds decreased during stratification and post-stratification. The high concentration of chlorogenic acid present in dormant seeds increased slightly during stratification. An unknown phenol very similar to chlorogenic acid in fluorescence and U.V. absorption significantly increased after 2 weeks of stratification. A significant decrease in the concentration of a second unidentified phenol occurred after 2 weeks of stratification. It is proposed that dormancy in Ambrosia artemisiifolia may be controlled by an inhibitor-promoter complex. The dormant seed is characterized by high inhibitor and low promoter levels. In the nondormant seed the balance was shifted to favor the promoter. Evidence suggests that the inhibitor involved may be abscisic acid and the promoters may be gibberellin and auxin. The content of auxin may be partially controlled by the concentration of phenols.     

Allelochemistry in marine macroalgae

Allelochemistry refers to the effect of an organic compound released from one organism upon an organism separated from its source. When the donor and receptor are plants (or microorganisms placed in the plant kingdom), allelopathy is described whether the effect is harmful or beneficial. In the aquatic environment, water disperses any water‐soluble allelochemical from its point of release, and rapid dilution along with lack of contact between competing organisms reduces potential encounter. This review centers on macroalgae as the source of allelochemicals. In all examples, the releasor organism is a macroalga, but receptor organisms include algae, invertebrates, fish, and microbes. Direct evidence in the sea is scanty, and there is a need for appropriate experiments in the laboratory and field. The compounds that are released by macrolagae (e.g., polyphenolics, halogenated phenols, and terpenoids) may be fortuitous byproducts of metabolism. But where they alter colonization, growth, or reproduction in a target organism, it is conceivable that they influence community structure as is known for terrestrial systems. The potential for allelochemistry is maximized in sites where water is poorly mixed, allowing released algal products to concentrate (e.g., tide pools and backbays) and where the receptor organism is adjacent to the releasor (e.g., surfaces of thalli and seaweed farms). In combination with restricting environmental conditions (e.g., critical temperature, light, salinity, pH, or oxygen), the effect of allelopathy can be synergistic. Combinations of allelochemicals, each at a concentration too low to be physiologically effective, could have a pronounced impact.     

Aging alters regulation of visceral sympathetic nerve responses to acute hypothermia

Hypothermia produced by acute cooling prominently alters sympathetic nerve outflow. Skin sympathoexcitatory responses to skin cooling are attenuated in aged compared with young subjects, suggesting that advancing age influences sympathetic nerve responsiveness to hypothermia. However, regulation of skin sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) is only one component of the complex sympathetic nerve response profile to hypothermia. Whether aging alters the responsiveness of sympathetic nerves innervating other targets during acute cooling is not known. In the present study, using multifiber recordings of splenic, renal, and adrenal sympathetic nerve activity, we tested the hypothesis that hypothermia-induced changes in visceral SND would be attenuated in middle-aged and aged compared with young Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Colonic temperature (Tc) was progressively reduced from 38 degrees C to 31 degrees C in young (3 to 6 mo), middle-aged (12 mo), and aged (24 mo) baroreceptor-innervated and sinoaortic-denervated (SAD), urethane-chloralose anesthetized, F344 rats. The following observations were made. 1) Progressive hypothermia significantly (P < 0.05) reduced splenic, renal, and adrenal SND in young baroreceptor-innervated F344 rats. 2) Reductions in splenic, renal, and adrenal SND to progressive hypothermia were less consistently observed and, when observed, were generally attenuated in baroreceptor-innervated middle-aged and aged compared with young F344 rats. 3) Differences in splenic, renal, and adrenal SND responses to reduced Tc were observed in SAD young, middle-aged, and aged F344 rats, suggesting that age-associated attenuations in SND responses to acute cooling are not the result of age-dependent modifications in arterial baroreflex regulation of SND. These findings demonstrate that advancing chronological age alters the regulation of visceral SND responses to progressive hypothermia, modifications that may contribute to the inability of aged individuals to adequately respond to acute bouts of hypothermia.