Development of decellularized amniotic membrane as a bioscaffold for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: ultrastructural study

Developing effective stem cell-based therapies requires the design of complex in vitro culture systems for accurate representation of the physiological stem cell niche. Human amniotic membrane (hAM) has been successfully used in clinical grafting applications due to its unique biological and regenerative properties. Decellularized hAM (d-hAM) has been previously applied to the culture of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), promoting their expansion and differentiation into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. In the present study, hAM was decellularized by NaOH-treatment, to provide the three-dimensional (3D) bioscaffold for culturing hMSCs. The ultrastructural differences between intact hAM and decellularized hAM were characterized using the transmission electron microscope (TEM), as well as the 3D interaction between d-hAM and hMSCs cultured on the membrane. TEM examination of the intact hAM showed many microvilli on the epithelial layer cells, active Golgi apparatus, smooth endolplasmic reticulum and the characteristic pinocytic vesicles. The epithelial layer with its structures was absent in the d-hAM. However, no observable difference was detected in the ultrastructural characteristics of the compact stromal layer of d-hAM compared to intact hAM. Both contained bundles of extra cellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and scattered elastic fibres. Cultured human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) examined by TEM appeared oval to spherical in shape and had a rough and non-uniform surface with distinct protrusions or irregular fillopodia. Their diameter ranged from 20.49 to 21.6 µm. Most of the cellular organelles were also noticed. SEM examination of the prepared samples revealed unique 3D interaction between the hMSC and d-hAM, where the latter seems to envelop the segments of the hMSCs lying on the surrounding membrane. This study shows that the decellularization process affected the epithelial layer only of hAM and had no effect on altering the presence of ECM components present in the stromal layer of the d-hAM. The interaction between hMSCs and d-hAM maybe mediated by hAM components other than human amniotic epithelial cells, such as ECM components or MSCs present in the deeper spongy layer of the membrane or/and the adhesive components of the basement membrane of the removed epithelial layer.     

Clinical Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis

BackgroundStem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic modality for advanced diabetes mellitus (DM). This study presents a meta-analysis of relevant clinical trials to determine the efficacy of stem cell therapy in DM. We aim to critically evaluate and synthesize clinical evidence on the safety and efficiency of different types of stem cell therapy for both T1DM and T2DM.ConclusionsStem cell transplantation can represent a safe and effective treatment for selected patients with DM. In this cohort of trials, the best therapeutic outcome was achieved with CD34⁺ HSC therapy for T1DM, while the poorest outcome was observed with HUCB for T1DM. Diabetic ketoacidosis impedes therapeutic efficacy.     

Drought Stress in Brassica napus: Effects,Tolerance Mechanisms,and Management Strategies

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Drought poses serious threats to global crop production and its intensity is continuously soaring due to global warming. Brassica napus L. is an essential...