Adenosine 3'',5''-cyclic monophosphate-dependent release of prolactin from GH3 pituitary tumour cells. A quantitative analysis.

The involvement of cyclic AMP in mediating regulatory peptide-controlled prolactin release from GH3 pituitary tumour cells was investigated. Cholera toxin and forskolin elicited concentration-dependent increases in both GH3 cell cyclic AMP content and prolactin release. The maximum rise in prolactin release with these agents was 2-fold over basal. 8-Bromo-cyclic AMP produced a similar stimulation of prolactin release. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine also produced an increase in prolactin release and GH3 cell cyclic AMP content. However, the magnitude of the stimulated prolactin release exceeded that obtained with any other agent. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (thyroliberin) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide produced a concentration-dependent rise in both cell cyclic AMP content and prolactin release. However, only vasoactive intestinal polypeptide elicited an increase in cell cyclic AMP content at concentrations relevant to the stimulation of prolactin release. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, when used in combination, were additive with respect to prolactin release. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and forskolin, at concentrations that were maximal upon prolactin release, were, when used in combination, synergistic upon GH3 cell cyclic AMP content but were not additive upon prolactin release. In conclusion the evidence supports a role for cyclic AMP in the mediation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- but not thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated prolactin release from GH3 cells. A quantitative analysis indicates that a 50-100% rise in cyclic AMP suffices to stimulate cyclic AMP-dependent prolactin release fully.     

Citrus limonoid effects on Colorado potato beetle larval survival and development

The effects of citrus limonoids, applied topically to potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Katahdin) foliage, on Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) (Say) (Chrysomelidae) larval development, growth, and survival were quantified in laboratory assays and a small-plot field test. In laboratory assays, survival, development rate, and body weight decreased with increasing limonoid concentration, however these measures of larval response did not significantly differ among varying periods of limonoid exposure (three, six, or nine days). Significant limonoid application concentration and frequency effects on survival, development rate, and defoliation were observed in the field test. These results indicate the potential utility of lethal and non-lethal effects of citrus limonoids for management of the Colorado potato beetle.     

Some guidelines on the use of cost effectiveness league tables.

Decisions to allocate resources in health care are increasingly influenced by relative cost effectiveness. To warn decision makers of some of the pitfalls currently found in cost effectiveness league tables and to suggest how meaningful comparisons may be made between health care technologies a published league table was scrutinised by examining its sources. This showed some of the methodological problems surrounding such tables and how such difficulties could be reduced in future. The source studies in the table featured different years of origin, discount rates, health state evaluations, settings, and types of comparison programmes; all of these differences may raise problems for meaningful comparison. Decision makers need to assess the relative value for money of competing health care interventions. In the absence of systematic comparisons such assessments are likely to take place informally. This will probably have a worse risk-benefit trade off than the formalized use of league tables.