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1.
Hardies SC; Martin SL; Voliva CF; Hutchison CA d; Edgell MH 《Molecular biology and evolution》1986,3(2):109-125
2.
Organisms inhabiting metal-contaminated areas can be stressed by metal exposure and are possibly subject to selection, resulting
in increased metal tolerance and changes in growth and/or reproduction characteristics. In a previous study it was found that
in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber, sampled from the vicinity of a zine smelter, the body size was small and the brood size was large compared to isopods from
a reference area. To assess whether these differences were due to genetic differentiation between strains, isopods collected
from a reference wood, a zinc smelter area and a lead mine were cultured on non-polluted food, while growth, reproduction
and metal concentrations were studied in first and second laboratory generations. The isopods from the three populations differed
in age and weight at first reproduction, although there were hardly any differences in growth. The females of the mine and
the smelter population started to reproduce earlier, at a lower weight, which resulted in fewer young per female. However,
reproductive allocation (=wight of young relative to the weight of the mother) was higher in mine and smelter isopods. We
conclude that the isopods at the metal-contaminated sites have been selected for early reproduction and increased reproductive
allocation. The results indicate that populations inhabiting metal-polluted sites have probably undergone evolutionary changes.
This study showed that growth and reproduction characteristics of different populations under laboratory conditions may provide
information on selection processes in the field. 相似文献
3.
A major difference between the divergence patterns within the lines-1 families in mice and voles 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Vanlerberghe F; Bonhomme F; Hutchison CA d; Edgell MH 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(4):719-731
L1 retroposons are represented in mice by subfamilies of interspersed
sequences of varied abundance. Previous analyses have indicated that
subfamilies are generated by duplicative transposition of a small number of
members of the L1 family, the progeny of which then become a major
component of the murine L1 population, and are not due to any active
processes generating homology within preexisting groups of elements in a
particular species. In mice, more than a third of the L1 elements belong to
a clade that became active approximately 5 Mya and whose elements are >
or = 95% identical. We have collected sequence information from 13 L1
elements isolated from two species of voles (Rodentia: Microtinae: Microtus
and Arvicola) and have found that divergence within the vole L1 population
is quite different from that in mice, in that there is no abundant
subfamily of homologous elements. Individual L1 elements from voles are
very divergent from one another and belong to a clade that began a period
of elevated duplicative transposition approximately 13 Mya. Sequence
analyses of portions of these divergent L1 elements (approximately 250 bp
each) gave no evidence for concerted evolution having acted on the vole L1
elements since the split of the two vole lineages approximately 3.5 Mya;
that is, the observed interspecific divergence (6.7%-24.7%) is not larger
than the intraspecific divergence (7.9%-27.2%), and phylogenetic analyses
showed no clustering into Arvicola and Microtus clades.
相似文献
4.
Growth and copper-binding of a copper-tolerant and a copper-sensitive population of Silene cucubalus (L.) Wib. have been studied. The copper-tolerant plants showed a much lower uptake and a proportionally higher transport of copper from root to shoot. A copper-binding protein with an apparent Mr of 8500 resembling metallothionein has been isolated from the roots of copper-treated plants of the tolerant population. After 20 d, the protein was observed to be inducible upon copper supply in the copper-tolerant plants, but not yet in the sensitive ones. This could be an indication of a difference in metalregulated synthesis of the protein. Ion-exchange chromatography of the 8500 protein yielded a major copper-containing fraction eluting at high ionic strength. Other characteristics such as UV absorption and amino-acid composition resembled strongly those of metallothioneins. The involvement of metallothioneins in the detoxification of copper within Cu-tolerant plants is discussed in relation to other mechanisms.Abbreviation DEAE
diethyloaminoethyl 相似文献
5.
6.
Oylum Erkus Victor CL de Jager Maciej Spus Ingrid J van Alen-Boerrigter Irma MH van Rijswijck Lucie Hazelwood Patrick WM Janssen Sacha AFT van Hijum Michiel Kleerebezem Eddy J Smid 《The ISME journal》2013,7(11):2126-2136
Maintenance of a high degree of biodiversity in homogeneous environments is poorly understood. A complex cheese starter culture with a long history of use was characterized as a model system to study simple microbial communities. Eight distinct genetic lineages were identified, encompassing two species: Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The genetic lineages were found to be collections of strains with variable plasmid content and phage sensitivities. Kill-the-winner hypothesis explaining the suppression of the fittest strains by density-dependent phage predation was operational at the strain level. This prevents the eradication of entire genetic lineages from the community during propagation regimes (back-slopping), stabilizing the genetic heterogeneity in the starter culture against environmental uncertainty. 相似文献
7.
Surveillance systems of contagious diseases record information on cases to monitor incidence of disease and to evaluate effectiveness of interventions. These systems focus on a well-defined population; a key question is whether observed cases are infected through local transmission within the population or whether cases are the result of importation of infection into the population. Local spread of infection calls for different intervention measures than importation of infection. Besides standardized information on time of symptom onset and location of cases, pathogen genotyping or sequencing offers essential information to address this question. Here we introduce a method that takes full advantage of both the genetic and epidemiological data to distinguish local transmission from importation of infection, by comparing inter-case distances in temporal, spatial and genetic data. Cases that are part of a local transmission chain will have shorter distances between their geographical locations, shorter durations between their times of symptom onset and shorter genetic distances between their pathogen sequences as compared to cases that are due to importation. In contrast to generic clustering algorithms, the proposed method explicitly accounts for the fact that during local transmission of a contagious disease the cases are caused by other cases. No pathogen-specific assumptions are needed due to the use of ordinal distances, which allow for direct comparison between the disparate data types. Using simulations, we test the performance of the method in identifying local transmission of disease in large datasets, and assess how sensitivity and specificity change with varying size of local transmission chains and varying overall disease incidence. 相似文献
8.
Irisin was first identified in muscle cells. We detected irisin immunoreactivity in various organs of the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata). In the epidermis, irisin immunoreactivity was localized mainly in stratum basale, stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum layers; immunoreactivity was not observed in the stratum corneum. In the dermis, irisin was found in the external and internal root sheath, cortex and medulla of hair follicles, and in sebaceous glands. Irisin immunoreactivity was found in the neural retina and skeletal muscle fibers associated with the eye. The pineal and thyroid glands also exhibited irisin immunoreactivity. 相似文献
9.
10.