Liquid–Solid Interfacial Assemblies of Soft Materials for Functional Freestanding Layered Membrane–Based Devices toward Electrochemical Energy Systems

Freestanding layered membrane–based devices have broad applications in highly efficient energy‐storage/conversion systems. The liquid–solid interface is considered as a unique yet versatile interface for constructing such layered membrane–based devices. In this review, the authors outline recent developments in the fabrication of soft materials to functionalize layered devices from the aspect of liquid–solid interfacial assembly and engineering arts. Seven liquid–solid interfacial assembly strategies, including flow‐directed, superlattice, solvent‐casting, evaporation‐induced, dip‐coating, spinning, and electrospinning assemblies, are comprehensively highlighted with a focus on their synthetic pathways, formation mechanisms, and interface engineering strategies. Meanwhile, recent representative works on layered membrane–based devices for electrochemical energy applications are presented. Finally, challenges and opportunities of this research area are highlighted in order to stimulate future developments. This review not only offers comprehensive and practical approaches to assemble liquid–solid interfaces with soft materials for various important layered electrochemical energy devices but also sheds lights on fundamental insights by thoughtful discussions on performance enhancement mechanisms of these electrochemical energy systems.     

Ultra-high-throughput picoliter-droplet microfluidics screening of the industrial cellulase-producing filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology - The selection of improved producers among the huge number of variants in mutant libraries is a key issue in filamentous fungi of industrial...     

Synthesis of Partially Graphitic Ordered Mesoporous Carbons with High Surface Areas

Graphitic carbons with ordered mesostructure and high surface areas (of great interest in applications such as energy storage) have been synthesized by a direct triblock‐copolymer‐templating method. Pluronic F127 is used as a structure‐directing agent, with a low‐molecular‐weight phenolic resol as a carbon source, ferric oxide as a catalyst, and silica as an additive. Inorganic oxides can be completely eliminated from the carbon. Small‐angle XRD and N₂ sorption analysis show that the resultant carbon materials possess an ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructure, uniform bimodal mesopores (about 1.5 and 6 nm), high surface area (～1300 m²/g), and large pore volumes (～1.50 cm³/g) after low‐temperature pyrolysis (900 °C). All surface areas come from mesopores. Wide‐angle XRD patterns demonstrate that the presence of the ferric oxide catalyst and the silica additive lead to a marked enhancement of graphitic ordering in the framework. Raman spectra provide evidence of the increased content of graphitic sp² carbon structures. Transmission electron microscopy images confirm that numerous domains in the ordered mesostructures are composed of characteristic graphitic carbon nanostructures. The evolution of the graphitic structure is dependent on the temperature and the concentrations of the silica additive, and ferric oxide catalyst. Electrochemical measurements performed on this graphitic mesoporous carbon when used as an electrode material for an electrochemical double layer capacitor shows rectangular‐shaped cyclic voltammetry curves over a wide range of scan rates, even up to 200 mV/s, with a large capacitance of 155 F/g in KOH electrolyte. This method can be widely applied to the synthesis of graphitized carbon nanostructures.     

Ligand‐Assisted Assembly Approach to Synthesize Large‐Pore Ordered Mesoporous Titania with Thermally Stable and Crystalline Framework

A novel ligand‐assisted assembly approach is demonstrated for the synthesis of thermally stable and large‐pore ordered mesoporous titanium dioxide with a highly crystalline framework by using diblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polystyrene (PEO‐b‐PS) as a template and titanium isopropoxide (TIPO) as a precursor. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, and N₂‐sorption measurements indicate that the obtained TiO₂ materials possess an ordered primary cubic mesostructure with large, uniform pore diameters of about 16.0 nm, and high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas of ～112 m² g^?1, as well as high thermal stability (～700 °C). High resolution TEM and wide‐angle XRD measurements clearly illustrate the high crystallinity of the mesoporous titania with an anatase structure in the pore walls. It is worth mentioning that, in this process, in addition to tetrahydrofuran as a solvent, acetylacetone was employed as a coordination agent to avoid rapid hydrolysis of the titanium precursor. Additionally, stepped evaporation and heating processes were adopted to control the condensation rate and facilitate the assembly of the ordered mesostructure, and ensure the formation of fully polycrystalline anatase titania frameworks without collapse of the mesostructure. By employing the obtained mesoporous and crystallized TiO₂ as the photoanode in a dye‐sensitized solar cell, a high power‐conversion efficiency (5.45%) can be achieved in combination with the N719 dye, which shows that this mesoprous titania is a great potential candidate as a catalyst support for photonic‐conversion applications.     

肺炎支原体感染大鼠肺组织中PDGF-BB变化的免疫组织化学研究

为探讨血小板源性生长因子 - BB(PDGF- BB)在肺炎支原体反复肺感染导致肺间质纤维化的发病机制中的作用 ,作者于 2 4周内给大鼠反复 9次吸入肺炎支原体复制慢性肺感染模型。随后用 PDGF- BB单克隆抗体按 SABC法行免疫组织化学染色和定量图像分析 ,以观察肺组织 PDGF- BB蛋白质水平表达的变化。结果显示 :(1)感染组动物 (n=4)支气管肺泡灌洗液肺炎支原体 - PCR检测均为阳性 ,而对照组 (n=4)和感染加红霉素治疗组动物 (n=4)均为阴性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;三组动物的支气管和肺组织常规细菌培养结果均为阴性 ;感染组动物透射电镜检查见肺泡间隔增宽 ,其中有较多胶原纤维堆积 ,其余两组则未见明显异常。 (2 )感染组动物肺间质结缔组织内、支气管壁和小血管壁内可见较强的 PDGF- BB阳性染色 ,其积分光密度为 37.90± 10 .14(n=4) ,显著高于对照组者 (7.5 4± 1.98,n=4,P<0 .0 5 )和感染加红霉素治疗组者 (10 .90± 3.30 ,n=4,P<0 .0 5 )。提示肺炎支原体反复肺感染的 PDGF- BB蛋白质水平表达增加 ,可能参与肺间质纤维化的发病过程     

缺氧内皮细胞条件培养液对肺动脉平滑肌细胞b-FGF表达的影响

应用细胞培养、免疫细胞化学和图像分析方法,探讨了缺氧猪肺动脉内皮细胞条件培养液对肺动脉平滑肌细胞碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）表达的影响。本研究表明,肺动脉内皮细胞培养汇合前和汇合后均可表达ｂＦＧＦ,在缺氧时其表达增多。缺氧猪肺动脉内皮细胞条件培养液可刺激猪肺动脉平滑肌细胞表达ｂＦＧＦ,将条件培养液加热１００℃处理或加入ｂＦＧＦ抗体后,可使猪肺动脉平滑肌细胞表达ｂＦＧＦ明显减少。这提示缺氧可刺激猪肺动脉内皮细胞表达ｂＦＧＦ,缺氧猪肺动脉内皮细胞条件培养液通过ｂＦＧＦ使肺动脉平滑肌细胞表达ｂＦＧＦ,因此推测缺氧条件下肺动脉内皮细胞ｂＦＧＦ的旁分泌作用可能在肺动脉平滑肌细胞增生中起重要作用,这一过程在缺氧性肺动脉高压时肺动脉结构重建的发生机制中具有重要意义。     

The effect of XPD/ERCC2 Lys751Gln polymorphism on acute leukemia risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aims

Epidemiological studies have assessed the association between xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) Lys751Gln and acute leukemia risk with conflicting results. We performed this meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to assess the strength of the association.

Results

Ten published case–control studies including a total of 1494 cases and 2259 controls were identified. Overall, significant risk effects of Lys751Gln genotype was found under the dominant model (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.01–1.34; P = 0.032). When stratified by clinical types, the variant genotype was associated with the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) risk under the heterozygote comparison (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.00–1.43; P = 0.048), the homozygote comparison (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.05–1.74; P = 0.019) and the dominant model (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.04–1.45; P = 0.015), respectively. Furthermore, significantly increased risks were also pronounced in Caucasian AML patients (the homozygote comparison: OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.07–1.78; P = 0.013; the dominant model: OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.03–1.46; P = 0.020; and the recessive model: OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.00–1.60; P = 0.050). No evident heterogeneities were observed for the overall data under all genetic models. In addition, no statistical evidence for publication bias was found using the method of Begg's and Egger's tests.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggested that XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism might be a risk factor for AML and Caucasian acute leukemia patients.