Absence of sexual dimorphism in the goat: Induction of luteinizing hormone discharge in the castrated male and female and in the intersex with estradiol benzoate

Gonadectomized male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) and intact intersex goats (n = 2) were injected i.m. with 50 mug 17(beta)-estradiol benzoate (EB). After treatment, there was a transient 6- to 9-hr decrease in circulating levels of LH followed by a preovulatory-like discharge of LH in all goats. Release peaked at 12 to 18 hr after EB treatment. The magnitude of discharge and the time from treatment until peak of release were not influenced by the goat's sex. These findings suggested that the positive feedback effects of estrogen on LH release were not sexually differentiated in the goat. Since tonic concentrations of LH prior to EB treatment were not different among the groups, the studies also suggested that the intersex goats lacked the inhibitory gonadal influences on gonadotropin release that characterize intact animals.     

The energetic costs of tail autotomy to reproduction in the lizard Coleonyx brevis (Sauria: Gekkonidae)

Summary Energy reserve utilization and energy budgets were compared in tailed and tailless adult female Coleonyx brevis. Carcass, fat body and caudal energy reserves were used for vitellogenesis; mass and energy content (cal/mg and/or cal/reserve) of each were significantly lower at oviposition than at the initiation of vitellogenesis. Total energy reserves accounted for 53% of the reproductive energy investment in tailed females compared to 29% in tailless females. Tailed females had over twice as many reserve calories for egg production than tailless females. Caudal energy reserves represented 60% of the total reserves of tailed females and were one-third greater than the total energy reserves of tailless females. To produce a clutch of eggs both tailed and tailless females supplemented energy reserves with net metabolizable energy that was available after metabolic costs were paid. Tailless females had a significantly greater rate of food ingestion and more net metabolizable energy available for reproduction than tailed females, yet allocated significantly fewer calories/day to reproduction than tailed females, primarily because of the loss of caudal reserves. Reproductive efforts of tailed and tailless females were equivalent. However, the loss of caudal reserves resulted in the production of eggs that were significantly lower in mass and energy content (cal/mg and cal/egg) than when caudal reserves were used. Results empirically support the hypothesis that reproduction has energetic priority over tail regeneration in short-lived, iteroparous species with a low probability of future reproductive success.     

Exploring sample cross-contamination in fish epidermal mucus

Cross-contamination of epidermal mucus was assessed at three sampling locations on the bodies of Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis by inducing contact between fish coated with labelled synthetic mucus and non-treated fish. Results indicate a positive relationship between sampling site exposure and sample contamination and that mucous sample cross-contamination can be mitigated by sampling in a location protected from external contact.     

DNA binding by yeast Mlh1 and Pms1: implications for DNA mismatch repair

The yeast Mlh1–Pms1 heterodimer required for mismatch repair (MMR) binds to DNA. Here we map DNA binding to N-terminal fragments of Mlh1 and Pms1. We demonstrate that Mlh1 and Pms1 N-terminal domains (NTDs) independently bind to double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, in the absence of dimerization and with different affinities. Full-length Mlh1p alone, which can homodimerize, also binds to DNA. Substituting conserved positively charged amino acids in Mlh1 produces mutator phenotypes in a haploid yeast strain characteristic of reduced MMR. These substitutions strongly reduce DNA binding by the Mlh1 NTD and, to a lesser extent, they also reduce DNA binding by full-length Mlh1 and the Mlh1–Pms1 heterodimer. Replacement of a homologous Pms1 residue has a much smaller effect on mutation rate and does not reduce DNA binding. The results demonstrate that NTDs of yeast Mlh1 and Pms1 contain independent DNA binding sites and they suggest that the C-terminal region of Mlh1p may also contribute to DNA binding. The differential mutator effects and binding properties observed here further suggest that Mlh1 and Pms1 differ in their interactions with DNA. Finally, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that DNA binding by Mlh1 is important for MMR.     

Biomarkers of toxicity in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Physiological, biochemical and histological indices in Clarias gariepinus broodstock, and teratogenic indices in embryos exposed to sublethal concentrations of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene were investigated in 2014 using a static-renewal bioassay protocol. Phenanthrene (1.41 mg l^?1) was the most toxic, followed by pyrene (1.53 mg l^?1) and naphthalene (7.21 mg l^?1), based on 96 h LC50 values. Hepatosomatic indices were significantly higher in naphthalene- and pyrene-treated males compared with solvent controls, whereas fecundity in females was significantly lower by factors of 2.4 (naphthalene), 2.8 (phenanthrene) and 2.4 (pyrene), compared with controls. Catalase levels were lower in female phenanthrene-treated fish compared with controls. Histological alterations observed in PAH-treated fish include oedema, inflammatory cells, epithelial lifting and hyperplasia in the gills, vacuolation, haemosiderin pigments and sinusoidal congestion in the liver, and degenerated zona radiata in the ovary. Teratogenic effects were not observed, as evidenced by the lack of histological alterations in embryos spawned from pre-exposed broodstock. Sex-specific responses and the utility of biomarkers at cellular and individual levels of organisation are therefore demonstrated for holistic evaluations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ecotoxicological studies.     

Returns to service after mating and removal of sows for reproductive reasons from commercial swine farms

We studied the records of 30 herds with an average inventory of 11,705 sows, 25,719 farrowings and 25,040 daily feed intake logs. Production events were recorded by producers using the PigCHAMP production information system. Of 21,505 matings, 7.2% of sows subsequently returned to estrus after service. The proportionate rates of intervals from service to the subsequent post service event were 0 to 17 d, 2.1%; 18 to 25 d, 27.9%; 26 to 37 d, 13.8%; 38 to 46 d, 15.8%; 47 to 108 d, 30.4%; and >108 d, 10.0%. Sows returned to service after mating were categorized into groups that either regularly or irregularly returned to service after mating. Of a total inventory of 19,076 sows, 10.0% were removed following weaning for reproductive reasons. The reasons for removal included those of anestrus (25.2%), failure to conceive (37.0%), failure to farrow (15.0%), not pregnant (1.4%), negative pregnancy check (14.0%), and abortion (7.4%). The last 5 types of post weaning reproductive failure were grouped into the category of did not farrow. Categorical additive models and comparisons using contrasts were used to analyze the influence of risk factors on reproductive failure. Parity 1 sows had a higher proportion (P < 0.01) of returns to service and a greater proportion of sows remaining anestrous post weaning relative to Parity 3 sows. The proportion of sows that did not farrow was higher (P < 0.01) in Parities 9 and 10 than in Parity 3. More sows were removed for anestrus during the spring (P < 0.01) and summer (P = 0.06) than during the winter. All categories of lactation length had similar rates of reproductive failure except for the lactation length 1 to 7 d, which had a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of reproductive failure. Lower lactational feed intake was associated with an increased risk of occurrence of each reproductive failure category. The odds ratios of lactation feed intake in logistic regression analyses were 0.84, 0.89, 0.82 and 0.88 for regularly and irregularly returned to service, anestrus, and did not farrow groups, respectively. This means, for example, that a sow was 0.88 times less likely to have an occurrence of not farrowing for each 1 kg increase in average daily feed intake during lactation. Our results indicate that lower and higher parities, spring and summer seasons, a lactation length of less than 8 d and lower feed intake during lactation affect the occurrence of return to service after mating and of herd removal for reproductive reasons.     

Factors influencing the postweaning reproductive performance of sows on commercial farms

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various factors, including lactational feed intake, on the reproductive performance of sows in commercial herds. The 4 measures of reproductive performance were weaning-to-first-service interval, weaning-to-conception interval, litter weight at weaning, and subsequent litter size. Parity, farrowing season, lactation length, farrowing-to-conception interval, litter size, and lactation feed intake were investigated as risk factors common to the 4 measures of post-weaning reproductive performance. Using 4 basic multiple regression models for each measure, the least-square means for sets of factors were compared using the GLM procedure of SAS. Parity 1 sows had the longest weaning-to-first-service interval and weaning-to-conception interval, and the lighter litter weight at weaning (P < 0.05) than mid-parity sows. Sows in Parities 2 to 5 had larger subsequent litter size (P < 0.05) than those in Parities 1 and >/= 7. Sows farrowing in summer and spring had the longest and second longest weaning-to-conception interval (P < 0.05), respectively, while sows farrowing in summer had longer weaning-to-first-service interval than those that farrowed in spring (P < 0.05). Sows farrowing in summer produced the lightest litter weight at weaning (P < 0.05). No differences in subsequent litter sizes were found due to farrowing season (P > 0.10). As lactation length increased, weaning-to-first-service interval and weaning-to-conception interval decreased, and litter weaning weight increased. Longer lactation length and farrowing-to-conception interval were associated with larger subsequent litter size (P < 0.05). Litter size did not affect weaning-to-first-service interval or weaning-to-conception interval. Larger litter sizes were associated with heavier litter weight at weaning. Greater lactation feed intake improved the 4 measures of reproductive performance.     

Systematic and simultaneous gene profiling of 84 drug-metabolizing genes in primary human hepatocytes

Drug-metabolizing enzymes are an important battery of proteins that are involved in drug metabolism, xenobiotic detoxification, and drug-induced toxicity. Systematic, efficient, and simultaneous evaluation of drug-metabolizing gene expression in response to chemicals has a wide variety of implications in drug development, disease prevention, and personalized medicine and nutrition. In the current study, the authors have systematically and simultaneously evaluated the hepatic expression profile of drug-metabolizing enzymes in cultured human hepatocytes exposed to the xenobiotics rifampicin, omeprazole, and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) using the Drug Metabolism RT(2)Profiler PCR Arrays. This new high-throughput tool allowed the authors to evaluate the expression of genes coding for 84 drug-metabolizing enzymes (including phase 1 and phase 2 drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters) simultaneously, in a 96-well format using a small amount of experimental materials. To validate the quality of the Drug Metabolism RT(2)Profiler PCR Arrays, the PCR Array was compared with the well-documented platform TaqMan assay, and a high concordance was shown between these 2 methods, indicating the high reliability of the Drug Metabolism RT(2)Profiler PCR Arrays. In addition, increasing or decreasing the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes by these 3 compounds was observed, and underlying mechanisms are discussed.     

Species turnover in ant assemblages is greater horizontally than vertically in the world's tallest tropical forest

Abiotic and biotic factors structure species assembly in ecosystems both horizontally and vertically. However, the way community composition changes along comparable horizontal and vertical distances in complex three‐dimensional habitats, and the factors driving these patterns, remains poorly understood. By sampling ant assemblages at comparable vertical and horizontal spatial scales in a tropical rainforest, we tested hypotheses that predicted differences in vertical and horizontal turnover explained by different drivers in vertical and horizontal space. These drivers included environmental filtering, such as microclimate (temperature, humidity, and photosynthetic photon flux density) and microhabitat connectivity (leaf area), which are structured differently across vertical and horizontal space. We found that both ant abundance and richness decreased significantly with increasing vertical height. Although the dissimilarity between ant assemblages increased with vertical distance, indicating a clear distance‐decay pattern, the dissimilarity was higher horizontally where it appeared independent of distance. The pronounced horizontal and vertical structuring of ant assemblages across short distances is likely explained by a combination of microclimate and microhabitat connectivity. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering three‐dimensional spatial variation in local assemblages and reveal how highly diverse communities can be supported by complex habitats.