Responses of photosynthetic properties and chloroplast ultrastructure of Bryum argenteum from a desert biological soil crust to elevated ultraviolet‐B radiation

Our understanding of plant responses to enhanced ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation has improved over recent decades. However, research on cryptogams is scarce and it remains controversial whether UV‐B radiation causes changes in physiology related to photosynthesis. To investigate the effects of supplementary UV‐B radiation on photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure in Bryum argenteum Hedw., specimens were cultured for 10 days under four UV‐B treatments (2.75, 3.08, 3.25 and 3.41 W m^–2), simulating depletion of 0% (control), 6%, 9% and 12% of stratospheric ozone at the latitude of Shapotou, a temperate desert area of northwest China. Analyses showed malondialdehyde content significantly increased, whereas chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters and Chl contents decreased with increased UV‐B intensity. These results corresponded with changes in thylakoid protein complexes and chloroplast ultrastructure. Overall, enhanced UV‐B radiation leads to significant decreases in photosynthetic function and serious destruction of the chloroplast ultrastructure of B. argenteum. The degree of negative influences increased with the intensity of UV‐B radiation. These results may not only provide a potential mechanism for supplemental UV‐B effects on photosynthesis of moss crust, but also establish a theoretical basis for further studies of adaptation and response mechanisms of desert ecosystems under future ozone depletion.     

Genetic Linkage Mapping and Analysis of Muscle Fiber-Related QTLs in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

A genetic linkage map of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was constructed using Type I and Type II microsatellite markers and a pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. The microsatellite markers were isolated from microsatellite-enriched genomic libraries and tested for their segregation in a full-sib mapping panel containing 92 individuals. A total of 161 microsatellite loci were mapped into 54 linkage groups. The total lengths of the female, male and consensus maps were 2,000, 946, and 1,852?cM, with an average marker spacing of approximately 13, 7, and 11?cM, respectively. Muscle fiber-related traits, including muscle fiber cross-section area and muscle fiber density, were mapped to the genetic map. Three QTLs for muscle fiber cross-section area and two QTLs for muscle fiber density were identified when considering both significant and suggestive QTL effects. The QTLs with largest effects for muscle fiber cross-section area and muscle fiber density were 21.9% and 18.9%, and they were located in LG3, respectively.     

Pyrophosphate as substrate for alkaline phosphatase activity: A convenient flow‐injection chemiluminescence assay

A sensitive and convenient flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) turn‐on assay for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity without any label and synthesis is developed. Cu²⁺ can catalyze the luminol–H₂O₂ CL reaction. Pyrophosphate (PPi) can chelate Cu²⁺ and therefore the Cu²⁺‐mediated luminol‐H₂O₂ CL reaction is inhibited. The addition of ALP can catalyze the hydrolysis of PPi into phosphate ions, Cu²⁺ is released and the chemiluminescence recovers. A detection limit of 1 mU/mL ALP is obtained.     

前体物对石蒜悬浮细胞生长和生物碱积累的影响

为探究苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和酪胺3种前体物对石蒜悬浮细胞系生长和生物碱积累的影响。通过向培养基添加不同浓度的3种前体物,以及同时添加苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸,考察其对细胞生长量及细胞中生物碱累积的影响。结果表明:苯丙氨酸对细胞的生长和生物碱的积累影响不明显;酪氨酸和酪胺作用显著:添加200μmol/L酪氨酸,细胞中生物碱的含量是对照组的2.56倍,其中力可拉敏和加兰他敏含量为3.77 mg/g和4.46 mg/g,分别是对照组的6.61倍和6.97倍;添加200μmol/L酪胺,细胞中生物碱含量是对照组的2.63倍,力可拉敏和加兰他敏含量为4.45 mg/g和5.14 mg/g分别是对照组的9.08倍和9.18倍;在200μmol/L酪氨酸的基础上添加苯丙氨酸没有明显的增效作用。表明添加酪氨酸和酪胺对细胞生长及生物碱生物合成具有显著的促进作用     

流域尺度水土保持生物措施减沙效益研究

1　引　　言黄土高原位于黄河中游 ,流经黄土高原的 9大支流进入河口镇至花园口的中游河段 ,总径流量为 187× 10 8ｍ3 ,输沙量占黄河流域总沙量的 90 % .建国以来以修建梯田坝地、造林种草、建谷坊、调整种植结构为主的水土保持工程、生物治理长年不懈 ,其目的在于减水减沙 ,改善流域生态环境 .但是 ,除部分中小尺度流域进入生态、经济效益良性循环的轨道外 ,大部分地区生态环境仍然十分脆弱 ,部分地区有恶化之势 .因此 ,定量评价水土保持工程、生物措施的治理效益是广为关注的研究课题 ,虽相关的研究成果不少 ,但是绝大部分工作是评价水土…     

普通小麦×栽培二棱大麦属间杂种及其回交后代选育和染色体的稳定性

以小麦为母本与大麦杂交,通过幼胚培养,获得小大麦属间杂种。杂种自交不育。以中国春和昌农82小麦的混合花粉给杂种授粉,得到回交一代(BC_1F_1),结实率为4.35％。以78380—1和密穗早小麦的混合花粉及小偃107分别与 BC_1F_1回交,获得回交二代(BC_2F_1),结实率为45.45％和31.25％。F_1体细胞染色体数为非整倍体,其变幅从18到27条之间,以2n=2l条较多。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体细胞为37.0％,1—4个不等二价体细胞为63.0％。F_1形态类似普通小麦。回交后代表型多为亲本中间型,也有少数超亲现象。在BC_2F_4代中,整倍体细胞(2n=42)占大多数(80.83％),染色体构型比较复杂,主要有21Ⅲ,20Ⅲ+2 Ⅰ和19Ⅲ十4 Ⅰ三种,以21Ⅲ的细胞较多(75.03％)。从分离后代中选育出单体(21Ⅲ+1 Ⅰ)和二体(22Ⅲ)异附加系及具突出性状的新类型。     

Drosophila lin-52 acts in opposition to repressive components of the Myb-MuvB/dREAM complex

The Drosophila melanogaster Myb-MuvB/dREAM complex (MMB/dREAM) participates in both the activation and repression of developmentally regulated genes and origins of DNA replication. Mutants in MMB subunits exhibit diverse phenotypes, including lethality, eye defects, reduced fecundity, and sterility. Here, we used P-element excision to generate mutations in lin-52, which encodes the smallest subunit of the MMB/dREAM complex. lin-52 is required for viability, as null mutants die prior to pupariation. The generation of somatic and germ line mutant clones indicates that lin-52 is required for adult eye development and for early embryogenesis via maternal effects. Interestingly, the maternal-effect embryonic lethality, larval lethality, and adult eye defects could be suppressed by mutations in other subunits of the MMB/dREAM complex. These results suggest that a partial MMB/dREAM complex is responsible for the lethality and eye defects of lin-52 mutants. Furthermore, these findings support a model in which the Lin-52 and Myb proteins counteract the repressive activities of the other members of the MMB/dREAM complex at specific genomic loci in a developmentally controlled manner.     

Development of wheat near-isogenic lines for powdery mildew resistance

Using three Chinese wheat cultivars, Bainong 3217, Beijing 837 and Laizhou 953, as recurrent parents, 33 near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying 22 powdery mildew resistance genes (Pm1c, Pm2, Pm4b, Pm12, Pm13, Pm16, Pm20, Pm21, Pm23, and 13 undocumented genes) were developed. All NILs had no significant difference to their recurrent parents in the investigated traits of agronomic importance. The results of AFLP analysis indicated Jaccards genetic similarity of the NILs with their recurrent parents varied from 0.96 to 0.98, and confirmed that the NILs had high genetic similarity with their recurrent parents. The resistance to powdery mildew was stably expressed by the relevant NILs. Eleven of the NILs were tested using molecular markers linked to the resistance genes Pm1c, Pm4b, Pm13, Pm21, PmP, PmE, PmPS5A, PmPS5B, PmY39, PmY150, and PmH, and they were all found to carry the targeted genes. The potential application of these NILs in gene discovery is discussed.