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1.
Ability of predatory native Australian fishes to learn to avoid toxic larvae of the introduced toad Bufo marinus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. R. Crossland 《Journal of fish biology》2001,59(2):319-329
Of two native Australian fishes naïve to the introduced toad Bufo marinus most barramundi Lates calcarifer rapidly learned to avoid B. marinus tadpoles, while sooty grunter Hephaestus fuliginosus exhibited considerable intraspecific variation in their learning ability. Some sooty grunter learned to avoid tadpoles after only a few attacks, while other individuals continued to attack and reject tadpoles throughout the entire laboratory trials. Individuals of both species recognized and avoided tadpoles 1 day after their previous encounter. None of the fishes died during the trials. The observed variation in behavioural responses of fishes to B. marinus may be due to differences in (1) learning ability, (2) fish hunger levels, and or (3) tadpole palatability and toxicity. The results demonstrate that most barramundi and sooty grunter learn to avoid B. marinus tadpoles with minimal trauma. Consequently, it is anticipated that the toads are unlikely to have a significant negative impact on wild populations of these fishes through direct toxic effects. 相似文献
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Fusion protein-based epitope mapping of phytochrome. Precise identification of an evolutionarily conserved domain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
L K Thompson L H Pratt M M Cordonnier S Kadwell J L Darlix L Crossland 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1989,264(21):12426-12431
Fusion proteins are used to define with precision an evolutionarily conserved domain on the carboxyl-terminal portion of the chromoprotein phytochrome. Simultaneously, assignments of two other epitopes are made with significantly greater precision, while the location of a fourth is confirmed. The epitope-mapping method that is described here is systematic, using complementary, overlapping nested sets of fusion proteins of predefined sequence rather than randomly generated peptides. Moreover, in contrast to previous methods, this approach yields rigorous and unambiguous assignments because it relies solely upon the ability of an antibody to detect a given polypeptide. A cDNA fragment encoding phytochrome amino acids 464-1129, which is its carboxyl terminus, was identified in lambda gt11 and subcloned in frame into the lacZ alpha sequence of pUC18. Four nested sets of subclones in pUC18 were created by digestion with selected restriction endonucleases and with the exonuclease Bal31. Fusion proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The epitope for monoclonal antibody Oat-13 was confirmed to be between residues 551 and 617, while the epitopes for Oat-8 and Oat-28 were narrowed to 624-686 and 624-747, respectively. The epitope recognized by Pea-25, Pea-2, and Oat-15 was resolved unequivocally to a sequence of only seven residues (residues 765-771): N-Pro-Ile-Phe-Gly-Ala-Asp-Glu-C. 相似文献
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McFarland (1969) suggested two mechanisms whereby a switch could occur from one activity to another: ‘competition’, which he depicted as a gradual increase in the causal-factor strength (CFS) of activity 2, and ‘disinhibition’, which he depticted as a sudden decrease in the CFS of activity 1. We postulate two further mechanisms: ‘satiation’, depicted as a gradual decrease in the CFS of activity 1, and ‘inhibition’, depicted as a sudden increase in the CFS of activity 2. We suggest that disinhibition may be a less common mechanism of behavioural switching than is usually supposed, and describe three experiments suggesting that eat/drink and drink/eat switches in the rat occur by competition and/or satiation rather than by disinhibition and/or inhibition. In experiment 1, varying degrees of water deprivation were found to affect the timing of eat/drink switches in food-deprived rats; in experiment 2, varying rates of food availability were found to affect the timing of drink/eat switches in water-deprived rats; in experiment 3, drink/eat switches were delayed by allowing rats to ‘drink’ air instead of water. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Taking the conflict over the remains of Ned Kelly as a starting point, in this article I trace the various conceptions of the, body as evidence within the intertwined histories of anthropology, criminology, and medicine to explore how anthropological practice brings the dead into being through exhumation and analysis. I outline the popular rhetorical tropes within which evidentiary claims are situated, exploring how the agency of people after death is understood within the framework of present-day forensic anthropological practice and how this is underwritten by a particular heritage of anatomical analysis. [Keywords: archaeology, forensic anthropology, materiality, semiotics of the body] 相似文献
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Danilo ML Prado Fabiana B Benatti Ana L de Sá-Pinto Ana P Hayashi Bruno Gualano Rosa MR Pereira Adriana ME Sallum Eloisa Bonfá Clovis A Silva Hamilton Roschel 《Arthritis research & therapy》2013,15(2):R46
Introduction
Exercise training has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract physical dysfunction in adult systemic lupus erythematosus. However, no longitudinal studies have evaluated the effects of an exercise training program in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (C-SLE) patients. The objective was to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of a supervised aerobic training program in improving the cardiorespiratory capacity in C-SLE patients.Methods
Nineteen physically inactive C-SLE patients were randomly assigned into two groups: trained (TR, n = 10, supervised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program) and non-trained (NT, n = 9). Gender-, body mass index (BMI)- and age-matched healthy children were recruited as controls (C, n = 10) for baseline (PRE) measurements only. C-SLE patients were assessed at PRE and after 12 weeks of training (POST). Main measurements included exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory measurements in response to a maximal exercise (that is, peak VO2, chronotropic reserve (CR), and the heart rate recovery (ΔHRR) (that is, the difference between HR at peak exercise and at both the first (ΔHRR1) and second (ΔHRR2) minutes of recovery after exercise).Results
The C-SLE NT patients did not present changes in any of the cardiorespiratory parameters at POST (P > 0.05). In contrast, the exercise training program was effective in promoting significant increases in time-to-exhaustion (P = 0.01; ES = 1.07), peak speed (P = 0.01; ES = 1.08), peak VO2 (P = 0.04; ES = 0.86), CR (P = 0.06; ES = 0.83), and in ΔHRR1 and ΔHRR2 (P = 0.003; ES = 1.29 and P = 0.0008; ES = 1.36, respectively) in the C-SLE TR when compared with the NT group. Moreover, cardiorespiratory parameters were comparable between C-SLE TR patients and C subjects after the exercise training intervention, as evidenced by the ANOVA analysis (P > 0.05, TR vs. C). SLEDAI-2K scores remained stable throughout the study.Conclusion
A 3-month aerobic exercise training was safe and capable of ameliorating the cardiorespiratory capacity and the autonomic function in C-SLE patients.Trial registration
NCT01515163. 相似文献9.
Many invasive species exploit the disturbed habitats created by human activities. Understanding the effects of habitat disturbance on invasion success, and how disturbance interacts with other factors (such as biotic resistance to the invaders from the native fauna) may suggest new ways to reduce invader viability. In tropical Australia, commercial livestock production can facilitate invasion by the cane toad (Rhinella marina), because hoofprints left by cattle and horses around waterbody margins provide distinctive (cool, moist) microhabitats; nevertheless the same microhabitat can inhibit the success of cane toads by increasing the risks of predation or drowning. Metamorph cane toads actively select hoofprints as retreat-sites to escape dangerous thermal and hydric conditions in the surrounding landscape. However, hoofprint geometry is important: in hoofprints with steep sides the young toads are more likely to be attacked by predatory ants (Iridomyrmex reburrus) and are more likely to drown following heavy rain. Thus, anthropogenic changes to the landscape interact with predation by native taxa to affect the ability of cane toads in this vulnerable life-history stage to thrive in the harsh abiotic conditions of tropical Australia. 相似文献
10.
Emilie M. M. Santos Wiro J. Niessen Albert J. Yoo Olvert A. Berkhemer Ludo F. Beenen Charles B. Majoie Henk. A. Marquering MR CLEAN investigators 《PloS one》2016,11(1)